Summary: Patients with advanced cancers who have pleural effusion, especially those requiring pleural evacuation, experienced poorer survival when treated with immunotherapy. The pleura also acts as a natural barrier that can limit the penetration of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this multicenter phase 2 study, the preliminary efficacy and toxicity of intrapleural instillation of the nivolumab in patien...

Summary: Consecutive patients who are planned to undergo a medical thoracoscopy for obtaining pleural biopsies will be enrolled in the study.One hundred subjects will be randomized in 1:1 ratio to undergo thoracoscopy to the following groups:Group A (mini-thoracoscopy) Group B (Conventional rigid thoracoscopy) Primary outcome: (a) diagnostic sensitivity of mini-thoracoscopy and conventional rigid thoracosc...