Summary: The present study aims to evaluate whether the use of a dual trigger can improve IVF outcomes, compared to GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) alone, in patients at high risk of OHSS undergoing a freeze-all cycle. By examining freeze-all cycles with frozen embryo transfer(s) (FET) only, we eliminate the potential confounding issue of inadequate luteal support to the endometrium and focus primarily on the effect...

Summary: Luteal phase deficiency (LPD) accounts for most failures of assistant artificial reproduction (ART) and early pregnancy loss for patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). Luteal phase support (LPS) is one of the indispensable interventions in ART treatments for IHH patients, which includes progestin, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and GnRH agonists (GnRHa). We ai...

Summary: Thanks to recent advances in clinical practice and laboratory, embryo cryopreservation has become the first-line procedure in assisted reproductive technology. Improved laboratory techniques have increased the number of available embryos derived from an in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle. Implementation of a single embryo transfer policy to improve vitrif...

Summary: The major goal of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) is to increase the number of oocytes harvested in order to result in the generation of a higher number of available embryos, extended embryo culture, embryo selection and finally providing higher cumulative live birth rates in infertile patients. Moreover, with the idea of the multiple waves of follicular production, we could start to take ful...

Summary: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), although quite uncommon, represents the most serious complication of ovulation induction during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols. The syndrome is triggered by exaggerated ovarian response to gonadotropins, which eventually leads to pathological manifestations that range from mild symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort, to life-threatening complicatio...

Summary: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRHa) triggering is used as an alternative to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in GnRH antagonist protocol to eliminate the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). However, its main disadvantage is a significantly lower pregnancy rate, hypothesized to result from a process called luteolysis (demise of the corpora lutea). In order to preserve a h...

Summary: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is most common endocrinologic disease in women of reproductive age with incidence of 6.6 8%. About fifty percent of the patients with PCOS manifest subfertility and significant proportion of these woman need assisted reproductive technology (ART). These patients are very sensitive to gonadotropins during conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the risk of o...