• Pain secondary to failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) as defined by persistent low back pain despite prior surgical interventions.

• Self-reported average back pain intensity of greater than 8 out of 10 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) documented over greater than 2 years.

• Failure to achieve at least 50% pain relief from a trial of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) or less than 50% pain relief after 3 months of SCS therapy or patient refuses/rejects SCS trial

• Failure to achieve at least 50% pain relief in response to at least 4 weeks of physical therapy.

• Failure to achieve at least 50% pain relief in response to at least 2 percutaneous spinal pain procedures.

• Failure to achieve at least 50% pain relief in response to 3 months of opioid therapy (at least 20 MEQ/day) or inability to increase or tolerate opioid therapy due to dose-limiting side effects).

• Failure to achieve at least 50% pain relief in response to a 3-month trial of at least one other class of pain medication in addition to opioid therapy or inability to tolerate increasing doses of non-opioid pain medications due to dose-limiting side effects.

• Lack of a surgically correctible etiology for the pain as determined by 2 independent neurosurgeons

• Age greater than 40 years of age.

• Ability to give informed consent in accordance with institutional policies and participate in the 1.5-year follow-up, involving assessments and stimulator adjustments.

• Willingness to share unexpected neurological or psychiatric symptoms with study clinicians.