• Any patient (≥18 years of age) in a high acuity hospital medical or surgical unit regardless of gender, with an eligible in-situ vascular access device and with a needleless access device (NAD). This includes patients who have a current VAD, whether it is newly placed or long-term access as part of their routine medical care. Eligible in-situ vascular access devices are peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs), peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), central venous catheters (CVCs) and implanted venous access ports. Eligible NADs are stopcocks, Y-sites, and needle-free connectors.

• Expected to be available until 2 accesses are completed and for any periodic observation upto 15 min after each access.

• Able and willing to provide informed consent or legal authorized representative (LAR) authorized to give consent on behalf of the participant.