Valsartan
What is Sacubitril (Valsartan)?
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Summary: This study aims to evaluate the effect of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with prosthetic heart valves with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
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PARADIGM-HF was a multinational, randomized, double-blind trial comparing sacubitril and valsartan tablets and enalapril in 8,442 adult patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure (NYHA class II–IV) and systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%). Patients had to have been on an ACE inhibitor or ARB for at least four weeks and on maximally tolerated doses of beta-blockers. Patients with a systolic blood pressure of less than 100 mmHg at screening were excluded.
The primary objective of PARADIGM-HF was to determine whether sacubitril and valsartan tablets, a combination of sacubitril and an RAS inhibitor (valsartan), was superior to an RAS inhibitor (enalapril) alone in reducing the risk of the combined endpoint of cardiovascular (CV) death or hospitalization for heart failure (HF).
After discontinuing their existing ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, patients entered sequential single-blind run-in periods during which they received enalapril 10 mg twice-daily, followed by sacubitril and valsartan tablets 100 mg twice-daily, increasing to 200 mg twice-daily. Patients who successfully completed the sequential run-in periods were randomized to receive either sacubitril and valsartan tablets 200 mg (N = 4,209) twice-daily or enalapril 10 mg (N = 4,233) twice-daily. The primary endpoint was the first event in the composite of CV death or hospitalization for HF. The median follow-up duration was 27 months and patients were treated for up to 4.3 years.
The population was 66% Caucasian, 18% Asian, and 5% Black; the mean age was 64 years and 78% were male. At randomization, 70% of patients were NYHA Class II, 24% were NYHA Class III, and 0.7% were NYHA Class IV. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 29%. The underlying cause of heart failure was coronary artery disease in 60% of patients; 71% had a history of hypertension, 43% had a history of myocardial infarction, 37% had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2, and 35% had diabetes mellitus. Most patients were taking beta-blockers (94%), mineralocorticoid antagonists (58%), and diuretics (82%). Few patients had an implantable cardioverter- defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) (15%).
PARADIGM-HF demonstrated that sacubitril and valsartan tablets, a combination of sacubitril and an RAS inhibitor (valsartan), was superior to a RAS inhibitor (enalapril), in reducing the risk of the combined endpoint of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, based on a time-to-event analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73, 0.87, p <0.0001). The treatment effect reflected a reduction in both cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization; see Table 4 and Figure 3. Sudden death accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths, followed by pump failure, which accounted for 26%.
Sacubitril and valsartan tablets also improved overall survival (HR 0.84; 95% CI [0.76, 0.93], p = 0.0009) (Table 4). This finding was driven entirely by a lower incidence of cardiovascular mortality on sacubitril and valsartan tablets.
Table 4: Treatment Effect for the Primary Composite Endpoint, Its Components, and All-cause Mortality in PARADIGM-HF

Figure C-
A wide range of demographic characteristics, baseline disease characteristics, and baseline concomitant medications were examined for their influence on outcomes. The results of the primary composite endpoint were consistent across the subgroups examined (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Primary Composite Endpoint (CV Death or HF Hospitalization) -Subgroup Analysis (PARADIGM-HF)Note: The figure above presents effects in various subgroups, all of which are baseline characteristics. The 95% confidence limits that are shown do not take into account the number of comparisons made, and may not reflect the effect of a particular factor after adjustment for all other factors. Apparent homogeneity or heterogeneity among groups should not be over-interpreted.
PARAGON-HF
PARAGON-HF, was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing sacubitril and valsartan tablets in 4,796 adult patients with symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 45%, and structural heart disease [either left atrial enlargement (LAE) or left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)]. Patients with a systolic blood pressure of less than 110 mmHg and patients with any prior echocardiographic LVEF less than 40% at screening were excluded.
The primary objective of PARAGON-HF was to determine whether sacubitril and valsartan tablets reduced the rate of the composite endpoint of total (first and recurrent) heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and cardiovascular (CV) death.
After discontinuing their existing ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, patients entered sequential single-blind run-in periods during which they received valsartan 80 mg twice-daily, followed by sacubitril and valsartan tablets 100 mg twice-daily. Patients on prior low doses of an ACEi or ARB began the run-in period receiving valsartan 40 mg twice-daily for 1 to 2 weeks. Patients who successfully completed the sequential run-in periods were randomized to receive either sacubitril and valsartan tablets 200 mg (N =2,419) twice-daily or valsartan 160 mg (N = 2,403) twice-daily. The median follow-up duration was 35 months and patients were treated for up to 4.7 years.
The population was 81% Caucasian, 13% Asian, and 2% Black; the mean age was 73 years and 52% were female. At randomization, 77% of patients were NYHA Class II, 19% were NYHA Class III, and 0.4% were NYHA Class IV. The median left ventricular ejection fraction was 57%. The underlying cause of heart failure was of ischemic etiology in 36% of patients. Furthermore, 96% had a history of hypertension, 23% had a history of myocardial infarction, 46% had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 43% had diabetes mellitus. Most patients were taking beta-blockers (80%) and diuretics (95%).
PARAGON-HF demonstrated that sacubitril and valsartan tablets had a numerical reduction in the rate of the composite endpoint of total (first and recurrent) HF hospitalizations and CV death, based on an analysis using a proportional rates model (rate ratio [RR] 0.87; 95% CI [0.75, 1.01], p = 0.06); see Table 5. The treatment effect was primarily driven by the reduction in total HF hospitalizations in patients randomized to sacubitril and valsartan tablets (RR 0.85; 95% CI [0.72, 1.00]).
Table 5: Treatment Effect for the Primary Composite Endpoint and Its Components in PARAGON-HF

A wide range of demographic characteristics, baseline disease characteristics, and baseline concomitant medications were examined for their influence on outcomes (Figure 6).

In an analysis of the relationship between LVEF and outcome in PARADIGM-HF and PARAGON-HF, patients with LVEF below normal treated with sacubitril and valsartan tablets experienced greater risk reduction (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Treatment Effect for the Composite Endpoint of Time to First HF Hospitalization or CV Death by LVEF in PARADIGM-HF and PARAGON-HF

Sacubitril and valsartan tablets
What is the most important information I should know about sacubitril and valsartan tablets?
Sacubitril and valsartan tablets can harm or cause death to your unborn baby. Talk to your doctor about other ways to treat heart failure if you plan to become pregnant. Tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant during treatment with sacubitril and valsartan tablets.
What is sacubitril and valsartan tablet?
Sacubitril and valsartan tablet is a prescription medicine used to treat:
• adults with long-lasting (chronic) heart failure to help reduce the risk of death and hospitalization. Sacubitril and valsartan tablets works better when the heart cannot pump a normal amount of blood to the body.
• certain children 1 year of age and older who have symptomatic heart failure.
It is not known if sacubitril and valsartan tablet is safe and effective in children under 1 year of age.
Do not take sacubitril and valsartan tablets if you: • are allergic to any of the ingredients in sacubitril and valsartan tablets. See the end of this Patient Information leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in sacubitril and valsartan tablets.
• have had an allergic reaction, including swelling of your face, lips, tongue, throat, or trouble breathing while taking a type of medicine called an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).
• take an ACE inhibitor medicine. Do not take sacubitril and valsartan tablets for at least 36 hours before or after you take an ACE inhibitor medicine. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking sacubitril and valsartan tablet sif you are not sure if you take an ACE inhibitor medicine.
• have diabetes and take a medicine that contains aliskiren.
Before taking sacubitril and valsartan tablets, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:• have a history of hereditary angioedema
• have kidney or liver problems
• have diabetes
• are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. See “What is the most important information I should know about sacubitril and valsartan tablets?”
• are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if sacubitril and valsartan passes into your breast milk. You should not breastfeed during treatment with sacubitril and valsartan tablets. You and your doctor should decide if you will take sacubitril and valsartan tablets or breastfeed.
• potassium supplements or a salt substitute
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• lithium
• other medicines for high blood pressure or heart problems, such as an ACE inhibitor, ARB, or aliskiren
Keep a list of your medicines to show your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
How should I take sacubitril and valsartan tablets?• Take sacubitril and valsartan tablets exactly as your doctor tells you to take it.
• Take sacubitril and valsartan tablets 2 times each day. Your doctor may change your dose of sacubitril and valsartan tablets during treatment.
• If you or your child cannot swallow tablets, or if tablets are not available in the prescribed strength, you or your child may take sacubitril and valsartan tablets prepared as a liquid (oral) suspension.
• If you or your child switches between taking sacubitril and valsartan tablets and the liquid suspension prepared from sacubitril and valsartan tablets, your doctor will adjust the dose as needed.
• If you or your child are prescribed sacubitril and valsartan tablets to be prepared as a liquid suspension:
o Your pharmacist will prepare sacubitril and valsartan tablets for you or your child to take as a liquid suspension.
o Shake the bottle of suspension well before measuring the dose of medicine and before taking or giving the dose.
• If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is close to your next dose, do not take the missed dose. Take the next dose at your regular time.
• If you take too much sacubitril and valsartan tablets, call your doctor right away.
What are the possible side effects of sacubitril and valsartan tablets? See “What is the most important information I should know about sacubitril and valsartan tablets?” Get emergency medical help right away if you have symptoms of angioedema or trouble breathing. Do not take sacubitril and valsartan tablets again if you have had angioedema during treatment with sacubitril and valsartan tablets.
People who are Black and take sacubitril and valsartan tablets may have a higher risk of having angioedema than people who are not Black and take sacubitril and valsartan tablets.





