The Difference of Duodenal Microbiota Between Patients With Functional Dyspepsia and Control: a Pilot Study
The goal of this observational study is to assess the type of duodenal microbiota and duodenal microbiome in in FD patients compared to control group. The main questions it aims to answer are: * What are the differences in the type of duodenal microbiota and is there a difference in duodenal microbiome diversity between patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia (FD) and the control group? * Are there any significant variations in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota between patients with FD and the control group, considering the method of sample collection (duodenal brushing vs. duodenal biopsy)?
• Functional dyspepsia group 1.1 Patients who are 18 years old or more and exhibit at least one of the following four symptoms for the last 3 months, with symptom onset occurring at least 6 months prior to diagnosis.
‣ 1.1 Postprandial distress syndrome (symptoms occurring at least 3 days per week), including:
⁃ Postprandial fullness and/or
⁃ Early satiation 1.1.2 Epigastric pain syndrome (symptoms occurring at least 1 day per week), including:
⁃ Epigastric pain and/or
⁃ Epigastric burning 1.2 Participants undergo esophago-gastro duodenoscopy (EGD) to confirm the absence of any structural abnormalities.
• Control group
‣ Patients with no or minimal upper GI symptoms (not match the criteria of FD) and current EGD appear normal or insignificant gastritis
⁃ Age- and sex-matched to the functional dyspepsia (FD) patient group.