Cases

Criteria for inclusion of subjects~* Patients who enter pregnancy with a diagnosis of type I or type II diabetes mellitus.~* Pregnant women between the ages of 18-45~* Live, singleton gestation~* Understanding and ability to give informed consent~Criteria for exclusion of subjects~* Patient unwilling or unable to provide consent~* Intrauterine fetal demise (no fetal heart beat identified and documented by two physicians)~* Age less than 18 years of age~* Multifetal gestation~* Chromosomal abnormality~* Congenital infection (Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella, Varicella Zoster, Parvovirus B19~* Major fetal congenital malformations (such as: major congenital heart defect, omphalocele, open neural tube defect, etc)

Controls

The control group will be a referent population of the Human Placenta Project. This reference population consists of patients who meet the following criteria:~Maternal:~* Pregnancy Conceived Without Assisted Reproduction~* Singleton gestation~* Delivery: \>37 0/7 weeks gestation~* No gestational diabetes~* No fetal growth restriction~* No Smoking/ Alcohol/Drugs History;~* Placenta Implantation: Normal~* Fetal Umbilical Cord abnormalities: None;~Fetal- Newborn Outcomes:~* Gestational Age at Delivery: \>37 0/7~* No Congenital infection (Toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella, Varicella Zoster, Parvovirus B19~* No Major fetal congenital malformations (such as: major congenital heart defect, omphalocele, open neural tube defect, etc)~* Fetal -Newborn Weight \>10 percentile ( no Hx of FGR or SGA)