According to reports in the literature, from 2012 to date, there has been an increase in the number of diagnosed cases of autochthonous visceral Leishmania in the Province of Bologna. In this context, it was decided to carry out a retrospective prospective observational study, which is essential to describe the epidemiology of LV in order to outline the scientific and rational bases necessary for the drafting of guidelines to standardise the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this disease, in order to reduce the diagnostic delay and improve therapeutic results. therapeutic outcome. In addition, epidemiological data will make it possible to identify possible new strategies to control the disease, which are essential for reducing its transmission.