Liver Cancer Clinical Trials

• Capable of giving signed informed consent which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the informed consent form (ICF) and in this protocol. Written informed consent and any locally required authorization obtained from the patient/legal representative prior to performing any protocol-related procedures, including screening evaluations.

• Age \> 18 years.

• Confirmed HCC based on histopathological findings from tumor tissues.

• HCC newly diagnosed or recurrent with a history of surgery or ablation, not amenable to curative surgery or transplantation.

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1.

• At least 1 lesion, not previously irradiated, that qualifies as a RECIST 1.1 target lesion (TL) at baseline. Tumor assessment by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be performed within 28 days prior to screening.

• Tumours were classified as unresectable after a multidisciplinary team review because either:

∙ R0 resection was not feasible

‣ Sum of tumor diameters ≥5cm

‣ A maximum of three tumour lesions

‣ For patients with tumors located in bilateral hepatic lobes, the study requires that the number of tumors in the contralateral hepatic lobe of the larger tumor be less than 3, and the maximum tumor diameter should not exceed 3 cm.

• Child-Pugh liver function score A.

• Patients with PVTT (portal vein tumor thrombosis) classified as VP1 (tumor thrombus confined to distal second-order portal vein branches without involvement of the primary portal vein bifurcation) or VP2 (tumor thrombus involving second-order portal vein branches) were eligible for enrollment.

⁃ Patients with oligometastasis, defined as having a single metastatic organ with three or fewer metastases, each less than 3cm in size were permitted.

⁃ No prior radiotherapy or radioembolization to the liver or upper abdomen was allowed. Prior local therapies, such as surgery, radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection or cryoablation, are allowed if the index lesion(s) remain outside of the treatment field or have progressed since prior treatment. Local therapy must have been completed at least 4 weeks prior to the baseline scan.

⁃ Participants with HBV infection, characterized by positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or hepatitis B core antibodies (anti-HBcAb) with detectable HBV DNA (≥10 IU/ml or above the limit of detection per local lab standard), must be treated with antiviral therapy, as per institutional practice. Following antiviral therapy initiation, participants must show evidence of HBV stabilization or signs of viral response (eg, reduction HBV DNA levels) prior to study invention. Participants will remain on antiviral therapy for study duration and for 6 months after the last dose of study medication. Participants who test positive for anti HBV with undetectable HBV DNA (\<10 IU/ml or under the limit of detection per local lab standard) do not require anti-viral therapy prior to enrollment. These subjects will be tested at every cycle to monitor HBV DNA levels and initiate antiviral therapy if HBV DNA is detected (≥10 IU/ml or above the limit of detection per local lab standard). HBV DNA detectable subjects must initiate and remain on antiviral therapy for the study duration and for 6 months after the last dose of study medication.

⁃ Patients with active HCV infection as characterized by the presence of detectable HCV RNA upon enrollment must be managed per local institutional practice.

⁃ Life expectancy of \>12 weeks.

⁃ Body weight \>30 kg.

⁃ Adequate organ and marrow function, as defined below. Criteria a, b, c, and f cannot be met with transfusions, infusions, or growth factor support administered within 14 days of starting the first dose.

• Hemoglobin ≥9 g/dL

∙ Absolute neutrophil count ≥1000/µL

∙ Platelet count ≥75000/µL

∙ Total bilirubin (TBL) ≤2.0× upper limit of normal (ULN). This will not apply to patients with confirmed Gilbert's syndrome (persistent or recurrent hyperbilirubinemia that is predominantly unconjugated in the absence of hemolysis or hepatic pathology), who will be allowed only in consultation with their physician.

∙ AST and ALT ≤5×ULN

∙ Albumin ≥2.8 g/dL

∙ International normalized ratio (INR) ≤ 1.6. Note: INR prolongation due to anticoagulants for prophylaxis (e.g. atrial fibrillation) in patients without liver cirrhosis could be an exception

∙ Calculated creatinine clearance ≥40 mL/minute as determined by Cockcroft-Gault (using actual body weight) or 24-hour urine creatinine clearance

∙ 2+ proteinuria or lower urine dipstick reading. Participants having \> 2+ proteinuria on urine dipstick testing will undergo 24-hour urine collection for quantitative assessment of proteinuria. Participants with urine protein ≥ 1 g/24 hours will be ineligible

⁃ Patient is willing and able to comply with the protocol for the duration of the study including undergoing treatment and scheduled visits and examinations including follow up.

⁃ Female participants:

∙ Female participants must be 1 year post-menopausal, surgically sterile, or using one highly effective form of birth control (a highly effective method of contraception is defined as one that can achieve a failure rate of less than 1% per year when used consistently and correctly.) They should have been stable on their chosen method of birth control for a minimum of 3 months before entering the study.

‣ Non-sterilized male partners of a woman of childbearing potential must use a male condom plus spermicide (condom alone in countries where spermicides are not approved) throughout this period.

‣ Must show evidence of post-menopausal status or have a negative urinary or serum pregnancy test for female pre-menopausal patients.

⁃ Male Participants:

∙ Male participants who intend to be sexually active with a female partner of childbearing potential must be surgically sterile or using an acceptable method of contraception from the time of screening throughout the total duration of the study and for drugs that are potentially genotoxic the drug washout period to prevent pregnancy in a partner.

⁃ Male participants must not donate or bank sperm during this same time period.