Spinal fusion is surgery to permanently join together two or more bones in the spine so there is no movement between them. These bones are called vertebrae.

Vertebral interbody fusion; Posterior spinal fusion; Arthrodesis; Anterior spinal fusion; Spine surgery - spinal fusion; Low back pain - fusion; Herniated disk - fusion; Spinal stenosis - fusion; Laminectomy - fusion; Cervical spinal fusion; Lumbar spinal fusion

You'll be given general anesthesia, which puts you into a deep sleep so you do not feel pain during surgery.

The surgeon will make a surgical cut (incision) to view the spine. Other surgery, such as a diskectomy, laminectomy, or a foraminotomy, is almost always done first. With respect to location and position, spinal fusion may be done:

• On the part of your back or neck over the spine. You may be lying face down. Muscles and tissue will be separated to expose the spine.
• On your side, if you are having surgery on your lower back. The surgeon will use tools called retractors to gently separate, hold the soft tissues such as your bowels and blood vessels apart, and have room to work.
• With a cut on the front of the neck, toward the side.

The surgeon will use a graft (such as bone) to hold (or fuse) the bones together permanently. There are several ways of fusing vertebrae together:

• Strips of bone graft material may be placed over the back part of the spine.
• Bone graft material may be placed between the vertebrae.
• Special cages may be placed between the vertebrae. These implantable cages are packed with bone graft material.

The surgeon may get the bone graft from:

• Another part of your body (usually around your pelvic bone). This is called an autograft. Your surgeon will make a small cut over your pelvic bone and remove some bone from the back of the rim of the pelvis.
• A bone bank. This is called an allograft which is bone taken from other people that has been cleaned and preserved.
• An artificial bone substitute and growth factors.

The vertebrae may also be fixed together with rods, screws, plates, or cages. They are used to keep the vertebrae from moving until the bone grafts are fully healed.

Surgery can take 3 to 4 hours.

Spinal fusion is most often done along with other surgical procedures of the spine. It may be done:

• With other surgical procedures for spinal stenosis, such as decompression, foraminotomy or laminectomy
• After diskectomy in the neck

Spinal fusion may be done if you have:

• Injury or fractures to the bones in the spine
• Weak or unstable spine caused by infections or tumors
• Spondylolisthesis, a condition in which one vertebrae slips forward on top of another
• Abnormal curvatures, such as those from scoliosis or kyphosis
• Arthritis in the spine, such as spinal stenosis

You and your surgeon can decide when you need to have surgery.

Risks for anesthesia and surgery in general include:

• Reactions to medicines, breathing problems
• Bleeding, blood clots, infection

Risks for this surgery include:

• Infection in the wound or vertebral bones
• Damage to a spinal nerve, causing weakness, pain, loss of sensation, problems with your bowels or bladder
• The vertebrae above and below the fusion are more likely to wear away, leading to more problems later
• Leakage of spinal fluid that may require more surgery
• Headaches

Tell your surgeon or nurse if:

• You are or could be pregnant
• You are taking any medicines, including medicines, drugs, supplements, or herbs you bought without a prescription
• You have been drinking a lot of alcohol, more than 1 or 2 drinks a day

Planning for your surgery:

• If you have diabetes, heart disease, or other medical conditions, your surgeon may ask you to see the health care provider who treats you for these conditions.
• If you smoke, it's important to cut back or quit. Smoking can slow healing and increase the risk for blood clots. Ask your provider for help quitting smoking.
• If needed, prepare your home to make it easier to recover after surgery.
• Ask your surgeon if you need to arrange to have someone drive you home after your surgery.
• During the week before your surgery: You may be asked to temporarily stop taking medicines that make it harder for your blood to clot. These medicines are called blood thinners. This includes over-the-counter medicines and supplements such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), and vitamin E. Many prescription medicines are also blood thinners.
• Ask your surgeon which medicines you should still take on the day of the surgery.
• Let your surgeon know about any illness you may have before your surgery. This includes cold, flu, fever, COVID-19, herpes outbreak, or other illnesses. If you do get sick, your surgery may need to be postponed.

On the day of the surgery:

• Follow instructions about when to stop eating and drinking.
• Take the medicines you were told to take with a small sip of water.
• Follow instructions on when to arrive at the hospital. Be sure to arrive on time.

You may stay in the hospital for up to 3 to 4 days after surgery.

You will receive pain medicines in the hospital. You may take pain medicine by mouth or have a shot or an intravenous line (IV). You may have a pump that allows you to control how much pain medicine you get.

You will be taught how to move properly and how to sit, stand, and walk. You will be told to use a "log-rolling" technique when getting out of bed. This means that you move your entire body at once, without twisting your spine.

You may not be able to eat regular food for 2 to 3 days. You will be given nutrients through an IV and will also eat softer food. When you leave the hospital, you may need to wear a back brace or cast.

Your surgeon will tell you how to take care of yourself at home after spine surgery. Follow instructions on how to take care of your back at home.

Surgery does not always improve pain, and in some cases, can make it worse. However, in some people, surgery can be effective for severe pain that does not get better with other treatments.

If you had chronic back pain before surgery, you will likely still have some pain afterward. Spinal fusion is unlikely to take away all your pain and other symptoms.

It is hard to predict which people will improve and how much relief surgery will provide, even when using MRI scans or other tests.

Losing weight and getting exercise increase your chances of feeling better.

Future spine problems are possible after spine surgery. After spinal fusion, the area that was fused together can no longer move. Therefore, the spinal column above and below the fusion are more likely to be stressed when the spine moves, and may cause problems later on.

Published Date: September 02, 2025
Published By: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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Gardocki RJ, Park AL. Degenerative disorders of the thoracic and lumbar spine. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 39.

Wang JC, Dailey AT, Mummaneni PV, et al. Guideline update for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 8: lumbar fusion for disc herniation and radiculopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(1):48-53. PMID: 24980585 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24980585/.