• Age ≥18 years and ≤90 years;

• Clinical diagnosis of primary varicose veins of the lower extremities, CEAP clinical classification C2-C6, requiring treatment of the great and/or small saphenous vein segments, and at least 1 of the clinical symptoms of swelling, pain, burning sensation, heaviness, easy fatigue, itchy skin, and night cramps;

• Valve insufficiency of the great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, or transport vein;

• Doppler ultrasound confirmation of a saphenous vein diameter greater than 3 mm and less than 12 mm in the standing position;

• Only one limb per patient was selected for inclusion in the study;

• Patients signed an informed consent form and were willing to co-operate in completing the protocol-specified investigations and follow-up visits.