S-IVL Intervention

Patients with the presence of a highly calcified, resistant lesion or a significantly under-expanded, previously implanted stent (regardless of the time of implantation) were part of the study cohort. The lesion was defined as resistant after an unsuccessful high-pressure NC balloon inflation (at least 20% under-expansion; whit at least 16 atm.). The decision regarding initial lesion preparation was left to the operators' dissertation and did not imply a recruitment process.~There were no angiographic exclusion criteria regarding lesion anatomy regarding the length, tortuosity, severity, or prior stent placement. Operators supported by angiography assessment with optional intravascular imagining (IVUS/OCT) determined the size of the S-IVL catheter and an appropriate number of pulses for optimal vessel preparation or management of an under-expanded coronary stent.