Lung Transplant Clinical Trials

Nicotine is the most common preventable cause of death and is responsible for over seven million deaths worldwide. If current trends continue, tobacco will kill more than eight million people worldwide every year by 2030. Smoking tobacco products is the most important risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Passive smoking is also a major cause of lung cancer. Since July 2024, smokers and former smokers have been able to receive a low-radiation CT scan under certain conditions to detect lung cancer at an early stage. It is therefore to be expected that the number of diagnoses of pulmonary lesions or nodules will increase in the near future. The risk of developing and dying from tobacco-related diseases is reduced once nicotine cessation begins. Screening all patients for tobacco use, e-cigarette use, and providing behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy to quit smoking are among the most valuable preventive services we can offer in healthcare. Nicotine dependence can be estimated using the so-called Fagerström test. An additional evaluation of nicotine behavior can be carried out by testing cotinine in urine, a method that is used, for example, in the listing for lung transplantation. Cotinine is a degradation product of nicotine that can be detected in the urine of smokers and passive smokers. Cotinine levels in urine depend on the frequency and quantity of nicotine consumption. The half-life of cotinine is 16 to 22 hours, which means that half of the cotinine is excreted from the body after this time. Another marker that can be used as a measure of tobacco consumption is carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). This is hemoglobin with carbon monoxide at the binding site for oxygen. The reference range for carboxyhaemoglobin is 0.4 - 1.6 %. In smokers, values of 3-10 % are still considered normal. In our department, the smoking status of patients is assessed upon first contact. Support options for smoking cessation are offered and, upon request, initiated. Previous studies have shown that smoking is a risk factor for complications after thoracic surgical procedures and that patients who underwent thoracic surgery quit smoking almost twice as often compared to patients who did not undergo surgery. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is currently no study regarding smoking cessation before intervention in patients with nodules needing clarification (bronchoscopy or CT-guided puncture). Therefore, the aim of the study is to support and monitor smoking cessation before intervention in patients with nodules needing further diagnosis (bronchoscopy or CT-guided puncture).