Neurofeedback for the Management of Neuropathic Pain in People with Diabetes
We will conduct a high-quality, blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to rigorously test the effectiveness of EEG-based NF in patients with diabetes-related neuropathic pain in: 1) reducing pain intensity and pain affect, and 2) improving daily functioning and QoL.
⁃ Age ≥18 and ≤82 years
• Diagnosed with 1) type 1 diabetes (for at least 5 years) or 2) type 2 diabetes
• The Toronto consensus criteria will be used for a case definition of DPN where patients have to have at least probable DPN (31). Diagnosis of DPN is confirmed with abnormal DPN Check. Painful DPN will be defined using the grading system for neuropathic pain (50) and will be in line with IASP's definition of neuropathic pain, i.e., pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system (The Toronto consensus criteria).
• TCNS score \> 5
• Eligible patients with painful DPN must have a pain intensity of at least 4 on an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS, 0-10) for at least 3 months on at least semi-daily basis and no severe pain other than pain due to neuropathy (the pain intensity will be based on the pain the patients experience while on current pain treatment, if any).
• Stable pain medication for \> 1 month prior to inclusion. Exclusion criteria