What is the definition of Aarskog Syndrome?

Aarskog syndrome is a very rare disease that affects a person's height, muscles, skeleton, genitals, and appearance. It can be passed down through families (inherited).

What are the alternative names for Aarskog Syndrome?

Aarskog disease; Aarskog-Scott syndrome; AAS; Faciodigitogenital syndrome; Gaciogenital dysplasia

What are the causes for Aarskog Syndrome?

Aarskog syndrome is a genetic disorder that is linked to the X chromosome. It affects mainly males, but females may have a milder form. The condition is caused by changes (mutations) in a gene called "faciogenital dysplasia" (FGD1).

What are the symptoms for Aarskog Syndrome?

Symptoms of this condition include:

• Belly button that sticks out
• Bulge in the groin or scrotum
• Delayed sexual maturity
• Delayed teeth
• Downward palpebral slant to eyes (palpebral slant is the direction of the slant from the outer to inner corner of the eye)
• Hairline with a "widow's peak"
• Mildly sunken chest
• Mild to moderate mental problems
• Mild to moderate short height which may not be obvious until the child is 1 to 3 years old
• Poorly developed middle section of the face
• Rounded face
• Scrotum surrounds the penis (shawl scrotum)
• Short fingers and toes with mild webbing
• Single crease in the palm of the hand
• Small, broad hands and feet with short fingers and curved-in fifth finger
• Small nose with nostrils tipped forward
• Testicles that have not come down (undescended)
• Top portion of the ear folded over slightly
• Wide groove above the upper lip, crease below the lower lip
• Wide-set eyes with droopy eyelids

What are the current treatments for Aarskog Syndrome?

Moving the teeth may be done to treat some of the abnormal facial features a person with Aarskog syndrome may have.

What are the support groups for Aarskog Syndrome?

The following resources can provide more information on Aarskog syndrome:

• National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/aarskog-syndrome
• NIH/NLM Genetics Home Reference -- ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/aarskog-scott-syndrome

What is the outlook (prognosis) for Aarskog Syndrome?

Some people may have some mental slowness, but children with this condition often have good social skills. Some males may have problems with fertility.

What are the possible complications for Aarskog Syndrome?

These complications can occur:

• Changes in the brain
• Difficulty growing in the first year of life
• Poorly aligned teeth
• Seizures
• Undescended testicles

When should I contact a medical professional for Aarskog Syndrome?

Call your health care provider if your child has delayed growth or if you notice any symptoms of Aarskog syndrome. Seek genetic counseling if you have a family history of Aarskog syndrome. Contact a genetic specialist if your provider thinks you or your child may have Aarskog syndrome.

How do I prevent Aarskog Syndrome?

Genetic testing may be available for people with a family history of the condition or a known mutation of the gene that causes it.

REFERENCES

D'Cunha Burkardt D, Graham JM. Abnormal body size and proportion. In: Pyeritz RE, Korf BR, Grody WW, eds. Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics and Genomics: Clinical Principles and Applications. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 4.

Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M. Moderate short stature, facial ± genital. In: Jones KL, Jones MC, Del Campo M, eds. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap D.