• Willing and able to provide written informed consent.

• Ability to comply with the protocol.

• Age ≥ 18 years.

• Suitable and planned for complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor or radical cystectomy

• At least one measurable lesion meeting RECISTv1.1 criteria prior to transurethral bladder tumor electrosurgery (MR/CT long diameter of ≥10 mm or short diameter of ≥15 mm of enlarged lymph node required for this measurable lesion according to RECISTv1.1)

• Histopathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma. Patients with mixed histologies are required to have a dominant (i.e. 50% at least) urothelial cell pattern.

• Clinical stage T2-T4a NxM0 disease by CT (or MRI).

• Expected survival time is greater than 12 weeks.

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0 1 or 2.

⁃ Agree to provide tissue examination specimens (used to detect PD-L1 expression, tumor mutation burden, etc.)

⁃ The organ function level must meet the following requirements:

∙ Hematological indicators: absolute neutrophil count ≥1.5×10\^9/ L, platelet count ≥80×10\^9/L, hemoglobin ≥6.0 g/dL (can be maintained by symptomatic treatment);

‣ Liver function: total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times the upper limit of normal value, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase

∙ ≤ 2.5 times the upper limit of normal value, if there is intrahepatic transaminase ≤ 5 times the upper limit of normal value;

‣ Renal function: creatinine ≤ 2 times the upper limit of normal, and creatinine clearance ≥ 30 ml/min;