Effects of Photobiomodulation With Red and Infrared Low-level Laser Diodes in Individuals Undergoing Rhinoplasty at a Single Centre: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Clinical Trial
This single-centre, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative photobiomodulation (PBM) with red and infrared wavelengths in reducing periorbital edema in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. Sixty participants will be randomized to receive either active PBM or sham PBM one hour before surgery. The primary outcome is periorbital edema on postoperative day 3, assessed using the Hoffmann clinical scale, with standardized photographic analysis using ImageJ as a complementary measure. Secondary outcomes include the time course of periorbital edema, periorbital ecchymosis, postoperative pain, nasal tip skin thickness, analgesic consumption, and patient-reported functional and aesthetic outcomes assessed with the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS). Participants will be followed for up to 12 months postoperatively
• Age 18 to 60 years
• ASA physical status I or II
• No comorbidities (no pre-existing diseases)
• Scheduled for primary open rhinoplasty with piezo-assisted osteotomies