Bronchopulmonary DysplasiaSymptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More
Learn About Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a long-term (chronic) lung condition that affects newborn babies who were either put on a breathing machine (ventilator) after birth or were born very early (prematurely).
BPD; Chronic lung disease - children; CLD - children
BPD occurs in very ill infants who received high levels of oxygen for a long period. BPD can also occur in infants who were on a breathing machine (ventilator).
BPD is more common in infants born early, whose lungs were not fully developed at birth.
Risk factors include:
- Congenital heart disease (problem with the heart's structure and function that is present at birth)
- Prematurity, usually in infants born before 32 weeks gestation
- Severe respiratory or lung infection
The risk of severe BPD has decreased in recent years.
Symptoms may include any of the following:
- Bluish skin color (cyanosis)
- Cough
- Rapid breathing
- Shortness of breath
IN THE HOSPITAL
Infants who have breathing problems are often put on a ventilator. This is a breathing machine that sends pressure to the baby's lungs to keep them inflated and to deliver more oxygen. As the baby's lungs develop, the pressure and oxygen are slowly reduced. The baby is weaned from the ventilator. The baby may continue to get oxygen by a mask or nasal tube for several weeks or months.
Infants with BPD are usually fed by tubes inserted into the stomach (NG tube). These babies need extra calories due to the effort of breathing. To keep their lungs from filling with fluid, their fluid intake may need to be limited. They may also be given medicines (diuretics) that remove water from the body. Other medicines can include corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and surfactant. Surfactant is a slippery, soapy-like substance in the lungs that helps the lungs fill with air and keeps the air sacs from deflating.
Parents of these infants need emotional support. This is because BPD takes time to get better and the infant may need to stay in the hospital for a long time.
AT HOME
Infants with BPD may need oxygen therapy for weeks to months after leaving the hospital. Follow your health care provider's instructions to ensure your baby gets enough nutrition during recovery. Your baby may need tube feedings or special formulas.
It is very important to prevent your baby from getting colds and other infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV can cause a severe lung infection, especially in a baby with BPD.
A simple way to help prevent RSV infection is to wash your hands often. Follow these measures:
- Wash your hands with warm water and soap before touching your baby. Tell others to wash their hands, too, before touching your baby.
- Ask others to avoid contact with your baby if they have a cold or fever, or ask them to wear a mask.
- Be aware that kissing your baby can spread RSV.
- Try to keep young children away from your baby. RSV is very common among young children and spreads easily from child-to-child.
- DO NOT smoke inside your house, car, or anywhere near your baby. Exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of RSV illness.
Parents of babies with BPD should avoid crowds during outbreaks of RSV. Outbreaks are often reported by local news media.
Your baby's provider may prescribe the medicine palivizumab (Synagis) to prevent RSV infection in your baby. Follow instructions on how to give your baby this medicine.
Rubenstein Child Health Building
Dr. J. Michael Collaco is a professor of pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. His clinical specialty is pediatric pulmonary medicine, including chronic lung disease of premature infants, lung disease in medically complex patients including ventilators and tracheostomies, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, aerodigestive disorders, and general pediatric pulmonary conditions. He sees patients inpatient and outpatient at Johns Hopkins (East Baltimore campus), inpatient and outpatient at Mount Washington Pediatric Hospital, and inpatient at Kennedy Krieger Institute. Dr. Collaco attended Yale University for undergraduate studies and received his M.D. and M.S. (Anatomy) from Case Western University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio. He completed his pediatric residency, pediatric pulmonary fellowship, M.B.A., M.P.H., and Ph.D. (Clinical Epidemiology) at the Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Collaco joined the Johns Hopkins faculty in 2008. His primary research interest is in the epidemiology of pediatric respiratory diseases, with a focus on environmental risk factors for cystic fibrosis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia as well as a special interest in the effects of secondhand smoke and electronic cigarette emissions. He has published over 140 peer-reviewed articles. Dr. Collaco is a member of the Cystic Fibrosis Research Development Center and the Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Center of Excellence. He has been recognized by Johns Hopkins with the John C. Hume Scholarship, the Francis F. Schwentker Research Award, and the Robert Dyar Award. Dr. Collaco is a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Collaco is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. His top areas of expertise are Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Hypertension, Pseudomonas Stutzeri Infections, and Gastrostomy.
Rhode Island Hospital
Robin Mckinney is a Pediatrics provider in Providence, Rhode Island. Dr. Mckinney is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. His top areas of expertise are Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Premature Infant, High Blood Pressure in Infants, and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants.
Children's Hospital Colorado
Steven Abman is a Pediatrics provider in Aurora, Colorado. Dr. Abman is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. His top areas of expertise are Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Pulmonary Hypertension, Vitamin D Deficiency, Gastrostomy, and Lung Transplant.
Babies with BPD get better slowly over time. Oxygen therapy may be needed for many months. Some infants have long-term lung damage and require oxygen and breathing support, such as with a ventilator. Some infants with this condition may not survive.
Babies who have had BPD are at greater risk for repeated respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and RSV that require a hospital stay.
Other possible complications in babies who have had BPD are:
- Developmental problems
- Poor growth
- Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs)
- Long-term lung and breathing problems such as scarring or bronchiectasis
- In severe cases, lung transplantation might be needed
If your baby had BPD, watch for any breathing problems. Contact your child's provider if you see any signs of a respiratory infection.
To help prevent BPD:
- Prevent premature delivery whenever possible. If you are pregnant or thinking about getting pregnant, get prenatal care to help keep you and your baby healthy.
- If your baby is on breathing support, ask your provider how soon your baby can be weaned from the ventilator.
- Your baby may receive surfactant to help keep the lungs open.
Summary: Very preterm neonates (born before 32 weeks' gestation) often require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) to manage respiratory insufficiency. In France, around 8,250 infants are born annually at \<32 weeks, with an estimated 5,000 needing IMV. Although non-invasive support such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has become more common, a substantial proportion of these neonates still...
Summary: Our overall objective is to conduct a safety study with inhaled ciclesonide to evaluate known glucocorticoids (sGC)-related acute and intermediate toxic effects while measuring for the first time in neonates its systemic absorption and potential bioactivity (i.e. activation of primary target, the GR, in blood cells).
Published Date: April 10, 2025
Published By: Allen J. Blaivas, DO, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Clinical Assistant Professor, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, East Orange, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Acharya KK, Sprecher AJ, Cohen SS. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 127.
Greenberg JM, Narendran V, Brady JM, Nathan AT, Haberman BB. Neonatal morbidities of prenatal and perinatal origin. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L, et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73.
Schmitt ER. Pediatric lung disease. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 169.