What is the definition of Coarctation of the Aorta?

The aorta carries blood from the heart to the vessels that supply the body with blood. If part of the aorta is narrowed, it is hard for blood to pass through the artery. This is called coarctation of the aorta. It is a type of birth defect.

What are the alternative names for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Aortic coarctation

What are the causes for Coarctation of the Aorta?

The exact cause of coarctation of the aorta is unknown. It results from abnormalities in development of the aorta prior to birth.

Aortic coarctation is more common in people with certain genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome.

Aortic coarctation is one of the more common heart conditions that are present at birth (congenital heart defects). This abnormality accounts for about 5% of all congenital heart defects. It is most often diagnosed in children or adults under age 40.

People who have this problem with their aorta may also have a weak area in the wall of blood vessels in their brain. This weakness causes the blood vessel to bulge or balloon out. This is known as a berry aneurysm. It can increase the risk for stroke.

Coarctation of the aorta may be seen with other congenital heart defects, such as:

• Bicuspid aortic valve
• Aortic stenosis
• Ventricular septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus

What are the symptoms for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Symptoms depend on how much blood can flow through the artery. Other heart defects may also play a role.

About half of newborns with this problem will have symptoms in the first few days of life. These can include breathing fast, problems eating, increased irritability, and increased sleepiness or becoming poorly responsive. In severe cases, the infant may develop heart failure and shock.

In milder cases, symptoms may not develop until the child has reached adolescence. Symptoms include:

• Chest pain
• Cold feet or legs
• Dizziness or fainting
• Decreased ability to exercise
• Failure to thrive
• Leg cramps with exercise
• Nosebleed
• Poor growth
• Pounding headache
• Shortness of breath 

There may also be no symptoms.

What are the current treatments for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Most newborns with symptoms will have surgery either right after birth or soon afterward. They will first receive medicines to stabilize them.

Children who are diagnosed when they are older will also need surgery. In most cases, the symptoms are not as severe, so more time can be taken to plan for surgery.

During surgery, the narrowed part of the aorta will be removed or opened.

• If the problem area is small, the two free ends of the aorta may be reconnected. This is called an end-to-end anastomosis.
• If a large part of the aorta is removed, a graft or one of the patient's own arteries may be used to fill the gap. The graft may be man-made or from a cadaver.

Sometimes, doctors will try to stretch open the narrowed part of the aorta by using a balloon that is widened inside the blood vessel. This type of procedure is called a balloon angioplasty. It may be done instead of surgery, but it has a higher rate of failure.

Older children usually need medicines to treat high blood pressure after surgery. Some will need lifelong treatment for this problem.

What is the outlook (prognosis) for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Coarctation of the aorta can be cured with surgery. Symptoms quickly get better after surgery.

However, there is an increased risk for death due to heart problems among those who have had their aorta repaired. Lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist is encouraged.

Without treatment, most people die before age 40. For this reason, doctors most often recommend that the person has surgery before age 10. Most of the time, surgery to fix the coarctation is done during infancy.

Narrowing or coarctation of the artery can return after surgery. This is more likely in people who had surgery as a newborn.

What are the possible complications for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Complications that may occur before, during, or soon after surgery include:

• An area of the aorta becomes very large or balloons out
• Tear in the wall of the aorta
• Rupture of the aorta
• Bleeding in the brain
• Early development of coronary artery disease (CAD)
• Endocarditis (infection in the heart)
• Heart failure
• Hoarseness
• Kidney problems
• Paralysis of the lower half of the body (a rare complication of surgery to repair coarctation)
• Severe high blood pressure
• Stroke

Long-term complications include:

• Continued or repeated narrowing of the aorta
• Endocarditis
• High blood pressure

When should I contact a medical professional for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Call your provider if:

• You or your child has symptoms of coarctation of the aorta
• You develop fainting or chest pain (these may be signs of a serious problem)

How do I prevent Coarctation of the Aorta?

There is no known way to prevent this disorder. However, being aware of your risk may lead to early diagnosis and treatment.

REFERENCES

Fraser CD, Kane LC. Congenital heart disease. In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 58.

Webb GD, Smallhorn JF, Therrien J, Redington AN. Congenital heart disease in the adult and pediatric patient. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2019:chap 75.