What is the definition of Endocarditis?

Endocarditis is inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). It is caused by a bacterial or, rarely a fungal infection.

What are the alternative names for Endocarditis?

Valve infection; Staphylococcus aureus - endocarditis; Enterococcus - endocarditis; Streptococcus viridans - endocarditis; Candida - endocarditis

What are the causes for Endocarditis?

Endocarditis can involve the heart muscle, heart valves, or lining of the heart. Some people who develop endocarditis have a:

• Birth defect of the heart
• Damaged or abnormal heart valve
• History of endocarditis
• New heart valve after surgery
• Parenteral (intravenous) drug addiction

Endocarditis begins when germs enter the bloodstream and then travel to the heart.

• Bacterial infection is the most common cause of endocarditis.
• Endocarditis can also be caused by fungi, such as Candida.
• In some cases, no cause can be found.

Germs are most likely to enter the bloodstream during:

• Central venous access lines
• Injection drug use, from the use of unclean (unsterile) needles
• Recent dental surgery
• Other surgeries or minor procedures to the breathing tract, urinary tract, infected skin, or bones and muscles

What are the symptoms for Endocarditis?

Symptoms of endocarditis may develop slowly or suddenly.

Fever, chills, and sweating are frequent symptoms. These sometimes can:

• Be present for days before any other symptoms appear
• Come and go, or be more noticeable at nighttime

You may also have fatigue, weakness, and aches and pains in the muscles or joints.

Other signs can include:

• Small areas of bleeding under the nails (splinter hemorrhages)
• Red, painless skin spots on the palms and soles (Janeway lesions)
• Red, painful nodes in the pads of the fingers and toes (Osler nodes)
• Shortness of breath with activity
• Swelling of feet, legs, abdomen

What are the current treatments for Endocarditis?

You may need to be in hospital to get antibiotics through a vein (IV or intravenously). Blood cultures and tests will help your provider choose the best antibiotic.

You will then need long-term antibiotic therapy.

• People most often need therapy for 4 to 6 weeks to kill all the bacteria from the heart chambers and valves.
• Antibiotic treatments that are started in the hospital will need to be continued at home.

Surgery to replace the heart valve is often needed when:

• The infection is breaking off in little pieces, resulting in strokes.
• The person develops heart failure as a result of damaged heart valves.
• There is evidence of more severe organ damage.

What is the outlook (prognosis) for Endocarditis?

Getting treatment for endocarditis right away improves the chances of a good outcome.

More serious problems that may develop include:

• Brain abscess
• Further damage to the heart valves, causing heart failure
• Spread of the infection to other parts of the body
• Stroke, caused by small clots or pieces of the infection breaking off and traveling to the brain

When should I contact a medical professional for Endocarditis?

Call your provider if you notice the following symptoms during or after treatment:

• Blood in urine
• Chest pain
• Fatigue
• Fever that doesn't go away
• Fever
• Numbness
• Weakness
• Weight loss without change in diet

How do I prevent Endocarditis?

The American Heart Association recommends preventive antibiotics for people at risk for infectious endocarditis, such as those with:

• Certain birth defects of the heart
• Heart transplant and valve problems
• Prosthetic heart valves (heart valves inserted by a surgeon)
• Past history of endocarditis

These people should receive antibiotics when they have:

• Dental procedures that are likely to cause bleeding
• Procedures involving the breathing tract
• Procedures involving the urinary tract system
• Procedures involving the digestive tract
• Procedures on skin infections and soft tissue infections

REFERENCES

Baddour LM, Freeman WK, Suri RM, Wilson WR. Cardiovascular infections. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 73.

Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435-1486. PMID: 26373316 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26373316.

Fowler VG, Bayer AS, Baddour LM. Infective endocarditis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 76.

Fowler VG, Scheld WM, Bayer AS. Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 82.