Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Overview
Learn About Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism is a condition in which the male testes or the female ovaries produce little or no sex hormones.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a form of hypogonadism that is due to a problem with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus.
Gonadotropin deficiency; Secondary hypogonadism
HH is caused by a lack of hormones that normally stimulate the ovaries or testes. These hormones include:
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Normally:
- The hypothalamus in the brain releases GnRH.
- This hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.
- These hormones tell the female ovaries or the male testes to release hormones that lead to normal sexual development in puberty, normal menstrual cycles, estrogen levels and fertility in adult women, and normal testosterone production and sperm production in adult men.
- Any change in this hormone release chain causes a lack of sex hormones. This prevents normal sexual maturity in children and normal function of the testicles or ovaries in adults.
There are several causes of HH:
- Damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus from surgery, injury, tumor, infection, or radiation
- Genetic defects
- High doses or long-term use of opioid or steroid (glucocorticoid) medicines
- High prolactin level (a different hormone released by the pituitary)
- Severe stress
- Nutritional problems (both rapid weight gain or weight loss)
- Long-term (chronic) medical diseases, including chronic inflammation or infections
- Drug use, such as heroin or use or abuse of prescription opioid medicines
- Certain medical conditions, such as iron overload
Kallmann syndrome is an inherited form of HH. Some people with this condition also lose their sense of smell (anosmia).
Children:
- Lack of growth and sexual development at the standard age for puberty (development may be very late or incomplete)
- In girls, a lack of breast development and menstrual periods
- In boys, no development of sex characteristics, such as enlargement of the testes and penis, deepening of the voice, and facial hair
- Inability to smell (in some cases)
- Short stature (in some cases)
Adults:
- Loss of interest in sex (libido) in men
- Loss of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) in women
- Decreased energy and interest in activities
- Loss of muscle mass in men
- Weight gain
- Mood changes
- Infertility
Treatment depends on the source of the problem, but may involve:
- Injections of testosterone (in males)
- Slow-release testosterone skin patch (in males)
- Testosterone gels (in males)
- Estrogen and progesterone pills or skin patches (in females)
- GnRH injections
- HCG injections
Harsha Tripathi is an Internal Medicine provider in Plainfield, New Jersey. Dr. Tripathi and is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Her top areas of expertise are Myelitis, AIDS Dysmorphic Syndrome, HIV/AIDS, and AIDS Dementia Complex.
Summit Medical Group PA
Castro Bali is an Endocrinologist in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. Dr. Bali and is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. His top areas of expertise are Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Thyroid Nodule.
Rutgers Health-Rwj Scleroderma Program
Sara Lubitz is an Endocrinologist in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Dr. Lubitz and is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Her top areas of expertise are Thyroid Cancer, Follicular Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer, Parathyroidectomy, and Thyroidectomy.
The right hormone treatment will cause puberty to start in children and may restore fertility in adults. If the condition begins after puberty or in adulthood, symptoms will often improve with treatment.
Health problems that may result from HH include:
- Delayed puberty
- Early menopause (in females)
- Infertility
- Low bone density and fractures later in life
- Low self-esteem due to late start of puberty (emotional support may be helpful)
- Sexual problems, such as low libido
Contact your provider if:
- Your child does not start puberty at the appropriate time.
- You are a woman under age 40 and your menstrual cycles stop.
- You have lost armpit or pubic hair.
- You are a man and you have decreased interest in sex.
Background: - The body produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) about every 2 hours. GnRH travels through the bloodstream to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates the gland to produce hormones called gonadotropins. These hormones stimulate the testicles or ovaries. The testicles produce testosterone and develop sperm. The ovaries produce estrogen and prepare for ovulation. Normal estrogen and testost...
Background: - During puberty, children begin to develop into adults. Problems with the hormones released during puberty can affect the reproductive system. Some people have low hormone levels that severely delay or prevent puberty. Others start puberty abnormally early. Other people may have a normal puberty but develop reproductive disorders later in life. Researchers want to study people with reproductive d...
Published Date: July 30, 2023
Published By: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(5):1715-1744. PMID: 29562364 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29562364/.
Styne DM. Physiology and disorders of puberty. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 26.
White PC. Sexual development. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 220.