Hypopituitarism Overview
Learn About Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce normal amounts of some or all of its hormones.
Pituitary insufficiency; Panhypopituitarism
The pituitary gland is a small structure that is located just below the brain. It is attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the area of the brain that controls the pituitary gland's function.
The hormones released by the pituitary gland (and their functions) are:
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol; cortisol helps to maintain blood pressure and blood sugar
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -- controls water loss by the kidneys
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- controls sexual function and fertility in males and females
- Growth hormone (GH) -- stimulates growth of tissues and bone
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- controls sexual function and fertility in males and females
- Oxytocin -- stimulates the uterus to contract during labor and the breasts to release milk
- Prolactin -- stimulates female breast development and milk production
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones that affect the body's metabolism
In hypopituitarism, there is a lack of one or more pituitary hormones. Lack of a hormone leads to loss of function in the gland or organ the hormone controls. For example, lack of TSH leads to loss of normal function of the thyroid gland.
Hypopituitarism may be caused by:
- Brain surgery
- Brain tumor
- Head trauma (traumatic brain injury)
- Infections or inflammation of the brain and the tissues that support the brain
- Death of an area of tissue in the pituitary gland (pituitary apoplexy)
- Radiation therapy to the brain
- Stroke (rare)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (from a burst aneurysm)
- Tumors of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
Sometimes, hypopituitarism is due to uncommon immune system or metabolic diseases, such as:
- Too much iron in the body (hemochromatosis)
- Abnormal increase in immune cells called histiocytes (histiocytoses)
- Autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of the pituitary (lymphocytic hypophysitis)
- Sarcoidosis, a condition that causes inflammation of various tissues and organs
- Infections of the pituitary, such as primary pituitary tuberculosis
Hypopituitarism is also a rare complication caused by severe bleeding during pregnancy. The loss of blood leads to tissue death in the pituitary gland. This condition is called Sheehan syndrome.
Certain medicines can also suppress pituitary function. The most common medicines are glucocorticoids (such as prednisone and dexamethasone), which are taken for inflammatory and immune conditions. Medicines used to treat prostate cancer can also lead to low pituitary function.
Symptoms of hypopituitarism include any of the following (multiple symptoms are common):
- Abdominal pain
- Decreased appetite
- Lack of sex drive (libido) in men or women
- Dizziness or fainting
- Erection problems
- Excessive urination and thirst (including frequent urination at night)
- Failure to release milk (in women)
- Fatigue, weakness
- Headache
- Infertility
- Irregular or absent menstrual periods
- Loss of armpit or pubic hair
- Loss of the body or facial hair (in men)
- Low blood pressure
- Low blood sugar
- Sensitivity to cold
- Short height (less than 5 feet or 1.5 meters) if onset is during the childhood growth period
- Slowed growth and sexual development (in children)
- Vision problems
- Weight loss
Symptoms may develop slowly and may vary greatly, depending upon:
- The number of hormones that are missing and the organs they affect
- The severity of the disorder
Other symptoms that may occur with this condition:
- Face swelling
- Hair loss
- Hoarseness or changing voice
- Joint stiffness
- Weight gain
If hypopituitarism is caused by a tumor, you may need surgery to remove the tumor. Radiation therapy may also be needed.
You will need lifelong hormone medicines to replace hormones that are no longer made by organs under the control of the pituitary gland. These may include:
- Corticosteroids (cortisol)
- Growth hormone
- Sex hormones (testosterone for men and estrogen for women)
- Thyroid hormone
- Desmopressin
Medicines are also available to treat related infertility in men and women.
If you take glucocorticoid medicines for pituitary ACTH deficiency, be sure you know when to take a stress dose of your medicine. Discuss this with your health care provider.
Always carry a medical ID (card, bracelet, or necklace) that says you have adrenal insufficiency. The ID should also say the type of medicine and dosage you need in case of an emergency caused by adrenal insufficiency.
USC Care Medical Group Inc
John Carmichael is an Endocrinologist in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Carmichael and is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Hypopituitarism. His top areas of expertise are Pituitary Tumor, Hypothalamic Tumor, Acromegaly, Endoscopic Transnasal Transsphenoidal Surgery, and Endoscopy.
USC Care Medical Group Inc
Mitchell Geffner is a Pediatric Endocrinologist and an Endocrinologist in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Geffner and is rated as a Distinguished provider by MediFind in the treatment of Hypopituitarism. His top areas of expertise are Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Intersex, Ovarian Overproduction of Androgens, Short Stature (Growth Disorders), and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).
USC Care Medical Group Inc
Peter Singer is an Endocrinologist in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Singer and is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Hypopituitarism. His top areas of expertise are Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer, Follicular Thyroid Cancer, and Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
Hypopituitarism is usually permanent. It requires lifelong treatment with one or more medicines. But you can expect a normal life span.
In children, hypopituitarism due to a tumor may improve if the tumor is removed by surgery.
Side effects of medicines to treat hypopituitarism can develop. However, do not stop any medicine on your own without talking with your provider first.
Contact your provider if you develop symptoms of hypopituitarism.
In most cases, the disorder is not preventable. Awareness of risk, such as from taking certain medicines, may allow early diagnosis and treatment.
Summary: Turner syndrome (TS) is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by partial or complete loss of one of the X chromosomes that affects about one in every 2000 female babies born. These young patients described difficulties making friends, understanding others' emotions and intentions, and controlling their own emotions. Difficulties in these domains could led to social withdrawal, to reduced socia...
Summary: Prolonged circulatory shock is associated with marked disturbances in vascular supply to the brain, and endothelial dysfunction which can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and microvascular thrombosis. Pituitary dysfunction is documented following post-partum hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage, which also affect blood flow to the pituitary. However, there a...
Published Date: May 12, 2023
Published By: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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