Infant botulism is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. It can grow inside a baby's gastrointestinal tract.

Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming organism that is common in nature. The spores may be found in soil and certain foods (such as honey and some corn syrups).

Infant botulism occurs mostly in young infants between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. It may occur as early as 6 days and as late as 1 year.

Risk factors include swallowing honey as a baby, being around contaminated soil, and having less than one stool per day for a period greater than 2 months.

Symptoms may include:

• Breathing that stops or slows
• Constipation
• Eyelids that sag or partially close
• Floppy body
• Absence of gagging
• Loss of head control
• Paralysis that spreads downward
• Poor feeding and weak suckling
• Respiratory failure
• Extreme tiredness (lethargy)
• Weak cry

Botulism immune globulin is the main treatment for this condition. Infants that get this treatment have a milder illness and shorter hospital stays.

Any infant with botulism must receive supportive care during their recovery. This includes:

• Ensuring proper nutrition
• Keeping the airway clear
• Watching for breathing problems

If breathing problems develop, breathing support, including the use of a breathing machine, may be needed.

Antibiotics do not appear to help the baby improve any faster. Therefore, they are not needed unless another bacterial infection such as pneumonia develops.

The use of human-derived botulinum antitoxin may also be helpful.

When the condition is detected and treated early, the child most often makes a full recovery. Death or permanent disability may result in complicated cases.

Respiratory insufficiency can develop. This would require assistance with breathing (mechanical ventilation).

Infant botulism can be life threatening. Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number right away if your infant has symptoms of botulism.

In theory, the disease might be avoided by preventing exposure to spores. Clostridium spores are found in honey and corn syrup. These foods should not be fed to infants less than 1 year old.

Published Date: July 01, 2025
Published By: Charles I. Schwartz, MD, FAAP, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, General Pediatrician at PennCare for Kids, Phoenixville, PA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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