⁃ Age: ≥ 1 year

⁃ Willing and able to provide written informed consent (or assent for minors with written informed consent by parent(s) and/or guardian(s).

∙ Pilot:

• symptomatic for P. falciparum

• /Travel to P. falciparum endemic area within the last month

∙ WP1:

⁃ Resident in Nanoro district

⁃ non-symptomatic individuals

∙ WP2:

⁃ Positive for P. falciparum infection via Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT)

⁃ Age: ≥ 1 and ≤ 12 years

⁃ Patients are included when suspected of the following conditions:

∙ I. Severe malaria by infection with P. falciparum is defined in the presence of P. falciparum asexual parasitemia, and as one or more of the following:

‣ Impaired consciousness: A Blantyre coma score \< 3 (when patients are ≤ 6 years) or Glasgow coma score \< 10 (when patients are ≥ 6 years).

‣ Prostration: Generalized weakness so that the person is unable to sit, stand or walk without assistance.

‣ Multiple convulsions: More than two episodes within 24 hours.

‣ Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress (e.g., rapid, deep and labored breathing).

‣ Diagnosis through exclusion: absence of an identified alternative cause.

∙ II. Uncomplicated malaria by infection with P. falciparum is defined as a patient who presents with lethargic profile (e.g. fever) and a positive parasitological test for P. falciparum, but with no features of severe malaria.