Placenta previa is a problem of pregnancy in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix.

The placenta grows during pregnancy and feeds the developing baby. The cervix is the opening to the birth canal.

Vaginal bleeding - placenta previa; Pregnancy - placenta previa

During pregnancy, the placenta moves as the womb stretches and grows. It is very common for the placenta to be low in the womb in early pregnancy. But as the pregnancy continues, the placenta moves to the top of the womb. By the third trimester, the placenta should be near the top of the womb, so the cervix is open for delivery.

Sometimes, the placenta partly or completely covers the cervix. This is called a previa.

There are different forms of placenta previa:

• Marginal: The placenta is next to the cervix but does not cover the opening.
• Partial: The placenta covers part of the cervical opening.
• Complete: The placenta covers all of the cervical opening.

Placenta previa occurs in 1 out of 200 pregnancies. It is more common in women who have:

• An abnormally shaped uterus
• Had many pregnancies in the past
• Had multiple pregnancies, such as twins or triplets
• Scarring on the lining of the uterus due to a history of surgery, C-section, or abortion
• In vitro fertilization

Women who smoke, use cocaine, or have their children at an older age may also have an increased risk.

The main symptom of placenta previa is sudden bleeding from the vagina. Some women also have cramps. The bleeding often starts near the end of the second trimester or beginning of the third trimester.

Bleeding may be severe and life threatening. It may stop on its own but can start again days or weeks later.

Labor sometimes starts within several days of the heavy bleeding. Sometimes, bleeding may not occur until after labor starts.

Your provider will carefully consider the risk of bleeding against early delivery of your baby. After 36 weeks, delivery of the baby may be the best treatment.

Nearly all women with placenta previa need a C-section. If the placenta covers all or part of the cervix, a vaginal delivery can cause severe bleeding. This can be deadly to both the mother and baby.

If the placenta is near or covering part of the cervix, your provider may recommend:

• Reducing your activities
• Bed rest
• Pelvic rest, which means no sex, no tampons, and no douching

Nothing should be placed in the vagina.

You may need to stay in the hospital so your health care team can closely monitor you and your baby.

Other treatments you may receive:

• Blood transfusions
• Medicines to prevent early labor
• Medicines to help pregnancy continue to at least 36 weeks
• Shot of special medicine called Rhogam if your blood type is Rh-negative
• Steroid shots to help the baby's lungs mature

An emergency C-section may be done if the bleeding is heavy and cannot be controlled.

The biggest risk is severe bleeding that can be life threatening to the mother and baby. If you have severe bleeding, your baby may need to be delivered early, before major organs, such as the lungs, have developed.

Call your provider if you have vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. Placenta previa can be dangerous to both you and your baby.

Francois KE, Foley MR. Antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 18.

Hull AD, Resnik R, Silver RM. Placenta previa and accreta, vasa previa, subchorionic hemorrhage, and abruptio placentae. In: Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, Copel JA, Silver RM, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 46.

Salhi BA, Nagrani S. Acute complications of pregnancy. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 178.