Polycystic Ovary SyndromeSymptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More
Learn About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which a woman has increased levels of male hormones (androgens). Many problems occur as a result of this increase of hormones, including:
- Menstrual irregularities
- Infertility
- Skin problems, such as acne and increased hair growth
- Increased number of small cysts in the ovaries
- Insulin resistance, with an increased risk of developing diabetes
Polycystic ovaries; Polycystic ovary disease; Stein-Leventhal syndrome; Polyfollicular ovarian disease; PCOS
PCOS is linked to changes in hormone levels that make it harder for the ovaries to release fully-grown (mature) eggs. The reasons for these changes are unclear. The hormones affected are:
- Estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones that help a woman's ovaries release eggs
- Androgen, a male hormone that is found in small amounts in women
Normally, one or more eggs are released during a woman's cycle. This is known as ovulation. In most cases, this release of eggs occurs about 2 weeks after the start of a menstrual period.
In many women with PCOS, mature eggs are not released. Instead, they stay in the ovaries with a small amount of fluid (cyst) around them. The affected ovary may be slightly enlarged. There can be many of these. However, not all women with the condition will have ovaries with this appearance.
Women with PCOS have cycles where ovulation does not occur every month which may contribute to infertility The other symptoms of this disorder are due to the high levels of male hormones.
Most of the time, PCOS is diagnosed in women in their 20s or 30s. However, it may also affect teenage girls. The symptoms often begin when a girl's periods start. Women with this disorder often have a mother or sister who has similar symptoms.
Symptoms of PCOS include changes in the menstrual cycle, such as:
- Not getting a period after you have had one or more normal ones during puberty (secondary amenorrhea)
- Irregular periods that may come and go, and be very light to very heavy
Other symptoms of PCOS include:
- Extra body hair that grows on the chest, belly, face, and around the nipples
- Acne on the face, chest, or back
- Skin changes, such as dark or thick skin markings and creases around the armpits, groin, neck, and breasts
The development of male characteristics is not typical of PCOS and may indicate another problem. The following changes may indicate another problem apart from PCOS:
- Thinning hair on the head at the temples, called male pattern baldness
- Enlargement of the clitoris
- Deepening of the voice
- Decrease in breast size
Weight gain and obesity are common in women with PCOS. Losing even a small amount of weight can help treat:
- Hormone changes
- Conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol
Your provider may prescribe birth control pills to make your periods more regular. These pills may also help reduce abnormal hair growth and acne if you take them for several months. Long acting methods of contraception hormones, such as hormone releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs), may help to stop irregular periods and the abnormal growth of the uterine lining.
A diabetes medicine called metformin (Glucophage) may also be prescribed to:
- Make your periods regular
- Prevent type 2 diabetes
- Help you lose weight
Other medicines that may be prescribed to help make your periods regular and help you get pregnant are:
- LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs
- Clomiphene citrate or letrozole, which may allow your ovaries to release eggs and improve your chance of pregnancy
These medicines work better if your body mass index (BMI) is 30 kilograms per square meter or less (below the obese range).
Your provider may also suggest other treatments for abnormal hair growth. Some are:
- Spironolactone or flutamide pills
- Eflornithine cream
Effective methods of hair removal include electrolysis and laser hair removal. However, many treatments may be needed. Treatments are expensive and the results are often not permanent.
A pelvic laparoscopy may be done to remove or alter an ovary to treat infertility. This improves the chances of releasing an egg. The effects are temporary.
The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Richard Legro is a Reproductive Medicine provider practicing medicine in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Dr. Legro is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. He is also highly rated in 8 other conditions, according to our data. His clinical expertise encompasses Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Ovarian Cysts, Infertility, Intersex, and Gastric Bypass.
Mount Sinai Medical Center
Andrea Dunaif is an Endocrinologist practicing medicine in New York, New York. Dr. Dunaif is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. She is also highly rated in 7 other conditions, according to our data. Her clinical expertise encompasses Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Hirsutism in Women, Ovarian Overproduction of Androgens, and Precocious Puberty.
Lucica-Department Of Radiology
Michael Dahan is a Reproductive Medicine provider practicing medicine in Stanford, California. Dr. Dahan is rated as an Elite provider by MediFind in the treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. He is also highly rated in 8 other conditions, according to our data. His clinical expertise encompasses Infertility, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Ovarian Cysts, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), and Endoscopy.
With treatment, women with PCOS are very often able to get pregnant. During pregnancy, there is an increased risk of:
- Miscarriage
- High blood pressure
- Gestational diabetes
Women with PCOS are more likely to develop:
- Endometrial cancer
- Infertility
- Diabetes
- Obesity-related complications
Contact your provider if you have symptoms of this disorder.
Summary: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or fat-related liver inflammation and scarring is projected to be the leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States (U.S.) within the next few years. Women are at disproportionate risk for NASH, with approximately 15 million U.S. women affected. There is an urgent need to understand risk factors for NASH and its progression in women, and sex hormones may prov...
Summary: The researchers want to learn how androgens, a type of sex hormone, might affect nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) in young women over time. NAFLD happens when fat builds up in the liver which can cause damage to the liver such as inflammation or scarring. Young women with a condition called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a high risk for NAFLD, and they often have high androgen levels too. S...
Published Date: March 31, 2024
Published By: LaQuita Martinez, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory Johns Creek Hospital, Alpharetta, GA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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Catherino WH. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 218.
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Zi-Jiang C, Legro RS, Ehrmann DA, Wei D. Androgen excess disorders in women. In: Robertson RP, ed. DeGroot's Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 124.