Learn About Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
The peritoneum is the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen. Peritonitis is present when this tissue becomes inflamed or infected.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is present when this tissue becomes infected and there is no clear cause.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP); Ascites - peritonitis; Cirrhosis - peritonitis
SBP is most often caused by infection in fluid that collects in the peritoneal cavity (ascites). The fluid buildup often occurs in people with advanced liver or kidney disease.
Risk factors for liver disease include:
- Very heavy alcohol use
- Chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C
- Other diseases that lead to cirrhosis
SBP also occurs in people who are on peritoneal dialysis for kidney failure.
Peritonitis may have other causes in which case it is called secondary peritonitis. These include infection from other organs or leakage of enzymes or other toxins into the abdomen.
Symptoms include:
- Abdominal pain and bloating
- Abdominal tenderness
- Fever
- Low urine output
Other symptoms include:
- Chills
- Joint pain
- Nausea and vomiting
Treatment depends on the cause of the SBP.
- Surgery may be needed if SBP is caused by a foreign object, such as a catheter used in peritoneal dialysis.
- Antibiotics to control infection.
- Fluids given through the veins.
You will need to stay in the hospital so health care providers can rule out other causes such as a ruptured appendix and diverticulitis.
Ulrich Spengler practices in Bonn, Germany. Mr. Spengler is rated as an Elite expert by MediFind in the treatment of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. His top areas of expertise are Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis, Secondary Peritonitis, and Liver Transplant.
Mattias Mandorfer is a Hepatologist in Vienna, Austria. Mr. Mandorfer is rated as an Elite expert by MediFind in the treatment of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. His top areas of expertise are Portal Hypertension, Ascites, Cirrhosis, Liver Transplant, and Endoscopy.
Rajiv Jalan practices in London, United Kingdom. Mr. Jalan is rated as an Elite expert by MediFind in the treatment of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. His top areas of expertise are Liver Failure, Ascites, Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis, Liver Transplant, and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery.
In most cases, the infection can be treated. However, kidney or liver disease may limit recovery.
Complications may include:
- Loss of brain function occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood.
- Kidney problem caused by liver failure.
- Sepsis.
Contact your provider if you have symptoms of peritonitis. This can be a medical emergency situation.
Steps should be taken to prevent infection in people with peritoneal catheters.
Long-term antibiotics may be used:
- To prevent peritonitis from coming back in people with liver failure
- To prevent peritonitis in people who have acute gastrointestinal bleeding due to other conditions
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Published Date: June 11, 2024
Published By: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Garcia-Tsao G. Cirrhosis and its sequelae. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 139.
Kuemmerle JF. Inflammatory and anatomic diseases of the intestine, peritoneum, mesentery, and omentum. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 128.
Sola E, Gines P. Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 93.