Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Disease: The Young at Heart Prospective Cohort Study
Background: Type 2 diabetes is a disease that affects blood sugar levels. Complications can include heart and blood vessel (vascular) diseases. Rates of type 2 diabetes have tripled in children and young adults over the last 40 years. Vascular diseases are also increasing in young people.
Objective: To learn more about factors, including type 2 diabetes, that may cause vascular disease in young people.
Eligibility: People aged 12 to 25 years who (1) have type 2 diabetes; (2) are overweight but not diabetic; (3) or are lean and healthy. Biological parents are also needed.
Design: Young participants will visit the NIH clinic once a year for up to 25 years. Each visit will take 4 days. Before each visit, participants will wear devices to track their sleep, activity, and blood sugar levels for 7 to 10 days. At each visit, participants will have tests including: Samples: They will provide blood, urine, and stool samples. Heart: They will ride a stationary bike for 6 minutes with stickers applied to their chest. Scans: They will lie on a bed that slides into a tube; the machine will take pictures of the inside of their body. Energy: They will wear a hood over their head to measure the air they breathe. Social stress: They will give a speech for 10 minutes to show their body s response to stress. Glucose: They will drink a sweet drink to see how their blood sugar changes. Biological parents will have 1 study visit. They will have blood tests. They will fill in questionnaires about their lifestyle and stress. ...
∙ To be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet the following criteria according to their group:
∙ Four categories of participants will be included in this study and the inclusion criteria for each group are given below:
• Participants with Y-T2DM
‣ Age 12-25 years
⁃ Type 2 diabetes mellitus as defined by fasting blood glucose \>= 126 mg/dL OR postprandial blood sugar \>= 200 mg/dL OR Hemoglobin A1c \>= 6.5 percent per American Diabetes Association Criteria OR documentation of type 2 diabetes diagnosed at \<=25 years of age
• Youth with overweight/ obesity (Y-OW)
‣ Age 12-25 years
⁃ For participants \< 18 years of age, BMI \>= 85th percentile (overweight) and \>= 95th percentile (obesity) for age and sex OR
⁃ For participants \>= 18 years of age, BMI \>=25\<30 kg/m\^2 (overweight) or \>=30 kg/m\^2 (obesity)
⁃ Participants with obesity may have a diagnosis of prediabetes, defined as fasting blood glucose 100-125 mg/dL OR postprandial blood sugar 140-199 mg/dL OR HbA1c 5.7-6.4 percent (either during testing at NIH or as previously documented on outside medical record).
• Healthy control lean participants (Y-Lean)
‣ Age 12-25 years
⁃ For participants \< 18 years of age, BMI \<= 85th percentile for age and sex OR
⁃ For participants \>=18 years of age, BMI 18-24.99 kg/m\^2.
⁃ HbA1c \<5.7 percent (either during testing at NIH or as previously documented on outside medical record).
• Biological parents of Y-T2DM, Y-OW and Y-Lean participants
‣ Biological parent of enrolled Y-T2DM, Y-OW and Y-Lean by self-report.