Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare condition passed down through families. XP causes the skin and tissue covering the eye to be extremely sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. Some people also develop nervous system problems.

XP is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder. This means you must have 2 copies of a variant gene in order for the disease or trait to develop. The disorder is inherited from both your mother and father at the same time. The variant gene is rare, so the chances of both parents having the gene are very low. For this reason, it is unlikely for somebody with the condition to pass it on to the next generation, although it is possible.

UV light, such as from sunlight, damages the genetic material (DNA) in skin cells. Normally, the body repairs this damage. But in people with XP, the body does not fix the damage. As a result, the skin gets very thin and patches of varying color (splotchy pigmentation) appear.

Symptoms usually appear by the time a child is 2 years old.

Skin symptoms include:

• Sunburn that does not heal after just a little bit of sun exposure
• Blistering after just a little bit of sun exposure
• Spider-like blood vessels under the skin
• Patches of discolored skin that get worse, resembling severe aging
• Crusting of the skin
• Scaling of the skin
• Oozing raw skin surface
• Discomfort when being in bright light (photophobia)
• Skin cancer at a very young age (including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)

Eye symptoms include:

• Dry eye
• Clouding of the cornea
• Ulcers of the cornea
• Swelling or inflammation of the eyelids
• Cancer of eyelids, cornea or sclera

Nervous system (neurologic) symptoms, which develop in some children, include:

• Intellectual disability
• Delayed growth
• Loss of hearing
• Muscle weakness of the legs and arms

People with XP need total protection from sunlight. Even the light coming through windows or from fluorescent bulbs can be dangerous.

When out in the sun, protective clothing must be worn.

To protect the skin and eyes from the sunlight:

• Use sunscreen with the highest SPF you can find.
• Wear long-sleeve shirts and long pants.
• Wear sunglasses that block UVA and UVB rays. Teach your child to always wear sunglasses when outdoors.

To prevent skin cancer, your provider may prescribe medicines, such as a retinoid cream, to apply to the skin.

If skin cancer develops, surgery or other methods will be done to remove the cancer.

More information and support for people with XP and their families can be found at:

• National Organization for Rare Disorders -- rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/xeroderma-pigmentosum/
• Xeroderma Pigmentosum Society -- www.xps.org

Over one half of people with this condition die of skin cancer early in adulthood.

Contact your provider for an appointment if you or your child has symptoms of XP.

Experts recommend genetic counseling for people with a family history of XP who wish to have children.

Published Date: April 01, 2025
Published By: Elika Hoss, MD, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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James WD. Genodermatoses and congenital anomalies. In: James WD, ed. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 22.

Patterson JW. Disorders of epidermal maturation and keratinization. In: Patterson JW, ed. Weedon's Skin Pathology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 10.