• ADHD Diagnosis: Meets the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5);

• Inadequate Response to Medication: After a full course of pharmacological treatment, the SNAP-IV Parent Rating Scale (first 18 items, assessing inattention/hyperactivity-impulsivity) score \>1, and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) score \>2;

• Age and Gender: 10-18 years old; males or females;

• Intellectual Functioning: Full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) \>70 on the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC) (excluding participants with intellectual disability);

• Symptom Severity: A score of ≥1.6 on either the Inattention or Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale of the SNAP-IV Parent Rating Scale;

• Medication Requirements:

⁃ 1\) Medication-naïve or currently off medication; 2) If currently on medication, must be on a stable medication regimen for at least 4 weeks prior to the baseline visit and throughout the study duration; 3) Prohibited medications: Psychostimulants; 7. Right-handed.