Brain AbscessSymptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More
Learn About Brain Abscess
A brain abscess is a collection of pus, immune cells, and other material in the brain, caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.
Abscess - brain; Cerebral abscess; CNS abscess
Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. As a result, swelling and irritation (inflammation) develop. Infected brain cells, white blood cells, live and dead bacteria or fungi collect in an area of the brain. Tissue forms around this area and creates a mass or abscess.
The germs that cause a brain abscess can reach the brain through the blood. Or, they enter the brain directly, such as during brain surgery. In some cases, a brain abscess develops from an infection in the sinuses.
The source of the infection is often not found. However, the most common identified source is a lung infection. Less often, a heart infection is the cause.
The following raise your chance of developing a brain abscess:
- A weakened immune system (such as in people with HIV/AIDS)
- Chronic disease, such as cancer
- Medicines that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids or chemotherapy)
- Congenital heart disease
Symptoms may develop slowly, over a period of several weeks, or they may develop suddenly. They may include:
- Changes in mental status, such as confusion, slow response or thinking, unable to focus, or sleepiness
- Decreased ability to feel touch or pain (sensory loss)
- Fever and chills
- Headache, seizures, or stiff neck
- Language problems
- Loss of muscle function, typically on one side
- Vision changes
- Vomiting
- Weakness in a limb (such as an arm or leg)
A brain abscess is a medical emergency. Pressure inside the skull may become high enough to be life threatening. You will need to stay in the hospital until the condition is stable. Some people may need life support.
Medicine such as an antibiotic, rather than surgery, is recommended if you have:
- A small abscess less than 0.79 inches (in) or 2 centimeters (cm)
- An abscess deep in the brain
- An abscess and meningitis
- Several abscesses (rare)
- Shunts in the brain for hydrocephalus (in some cases, the shunt may need to be removed temporarily or replaced)
- An infection called toxoplasmosis in a person with HIV/AIDS
You may be prescribed several different types of antibiotics to make sure treatment works.
Antifungal medicines may also be prescribed if the infection is likely caused by a fungus.
Surgery is needed if:
- Increased pressure in the brain continues or gets worse
- The brain abscess does not get smaller after medicine
- The brain abscess contains gas (produced by some types of bacteria)
- The brain abscess might break open (rupture)
- The brain abscess is large (more than 0.79 in or 2 cm)
Surgery consists of opening the skull, exposing the brain, and draining the abscess. Lab tests are often done to examine the fluid. This helps identify the cause of the infection, so that the right antibiotics or antifungal medicine can be prescribed.
Needle aspiration guided by CT or MRI scan may be needed for a deep abscess. During this procedure, medicines may be injected directly into the mass.
Certain diuretics (medicines that reduce fluid in the body) and steroids may be used to reduce brain swelling.
Matthijs Brouwer practices in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Mr. Brouwer is rated as an Elite expert by MediFind in the treatment of Brain Abscess. His top areas of expertise are Bacterial Meningitis, Meningitis, Brain Abscess, Thrombectomy, and Mastoidectomy.
Diederik Van De Beek practices in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Van De Beek is rated as an Elite expert by MediFind in the treatment of Brain Abscess. Their top areas of expertise are Bacterial Meningitis, Meningitis, Pneumococcal Meningitis, Thrombectomy, and Mastoidectomy.
Texas Health Neurosurgery And Spine Specialists
Dr. Moneeb Ehtesham is a fellowship-trained neurosurgeon with specialized expertise in cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgery and complex spinal surgery. He has served in teaching and senior academic research and leadership capacities for over two decades. Dr. Ehtesham currently serves as an Associate Professor at the TCU Burnett School of Medicine. His areas of special focus include open and endovascular surgery for aneurysms and other cerebrovascular conditions as well as spinal surgery. Additionally, he has been recognized for his research in the areas of stem cell therapies and brain tumors. He was a recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons.Dr. Ehtesham completed his neurological surgery residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, where he served as chief resident in his final year. He also completed his neurointerventional/ endovascular neurosurgery fellowship at Vanderbilt. Dr. Ehtesham is a Diplomate of the American Board of Neurological Surgery and a Fellow of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the American College of Surgeons. Dr. Ehtesham is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Brain Abscess. His top areas of expertise are Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Stroke, Subdural Hematoma, Laminectomy, and Transmyocardial Revascularization.
If untreated, a brain abscess is almost always deadly. With treatment, the death rate is about 10% to 30%. The earlier treatment is received, the better.
Some people may have long-term brain or nerve damage after a brain abscess or surgery.
Complications may include:
- Brain damage
- Meningitis that can be severe and life threatening
- Return (recurrence) of the infection
- Seizures
Go to a hospital emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number if you have symptoms of a brain abscess.
You can reduce the risk of developing a brain abscess by getting treated for infections or health problems that can cause them.
Some people, including those with certain heart disorders, may receive antibiotics before dental or other procedures to help reduce the risk of infection.
Summary: Central Nervous System (CNS) infections are considered rare conditions but at the same time, they are emergencies whose diagnosis and treatment are time-dependent. They include several clinical syndromes, including meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscesses, and post-surgical meningitis. The classic triad of symptoms includes fever, altered mental status, and neck stiffness, but other common manife...
Summary: Toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive individuals is well-studied and has a codified management protocol, which is not the case for other immunodeficiencies, except for recent recommendations in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A description of this population is necessary to estimate the number of patients affected and to define their specific management (diagnosis, treatment, prev...
Published Date: November 10, 2024
Published By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Roy and Diana Vagelos Professor in Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York, NY. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Gea-Banacloche JC, Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 90.
Nath A, Berger JR. Brain abscess and parameningeal infections. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 382.