• Age

‣ ≥ 65 years

⁃ ≥ 50 years AND one the following:

• NT-proBNP \>400 pg/mL

∙ Left atrial ventricular index \>42 ml/m2 or left atrial diameter \>46 mm

∙ Covert infarctions with cortical involvement in more than one vascular territory (left carotid territory, right carotid territory, vertebrobasilar territory)

• Written informed Consent

• Any clinically silent ischemic lesions of the brain parenchyma detected on neuroimaging defined according to established criteria as either:

‣ Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) positive lesions: Focus of restricted diffusion (high DWI signal and low apparent diffusion coefficient value) occurring in either white or gray matter, located in the cerebrum, cerebellum, or brain stem AND not satisfying the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis OR

⁃ Cavitatory Lesions: ≥ 3 mm in size that follow cerebro-spinal fluid on all sequences that are slit or wedge shaped with an irregular margin AND NOT longitudinally aligned with perforating vessels or with a multiple, bilateral symmetrical distribution OR

⁃ T2 weighted (T2W) hyperintense/T1 weighted (T1W) hypointense lesions:

• Focal lesion with high T2W signal and low T1W signal that have prior evidence of restricted diffusion; OR

∙ Present within cortical gray matter or deep gray matter nuclei OR

∙ A lesion that is new, compared with an MRI performed within 3 months OR

∙ T2W hyper/T1W hypointense lesions in the white matter, which are discontinuous but associated with the classic confluent periventricular T2 intense change of leukoaraiosis (Fazekas ≥2) AND NOT satisfying the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis or with a significant patient history of severe trauma, radiation, drug toxicity, or carbon monoxide poisoning