Learn About Encephalitis

What is the definition of Encephalitis?

Encephalitis is irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections.

What are the causes of Encephalitis?

Encephalitis is a rare condition. It occurs more often in the first year of life and decreases with age. The very young and older adults are more likely to have a severe case.

Encephalitis is most often caused by a virus. Many types of viruses may cause it. Exposure can occur through:

  • Breathing in droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat from an infected person
  • Contaminated food or drink
  • Mosquito, tick, and other insect bites
  • Skin contact

Different viruses occur in different geographic locations. Many cases occur during a certain season.

Encephalitis caused by the herpes simplex virus is the leading cause of more severe cases in all ages, including newborns.

Routine vaccination has greatly reduced encephalitis due to some viruses, including:

  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Polio
  • Rabies
  • Rubella
  • Varicella (chickenpox)

Other viruses that cause encephalitis include:

  • Adenovirus
  • Coxsackievirus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Eastern equine encephalitis virus
  • Echovirus
  • Japanese encephalitis, which occurs in Asia
  • West Nile virus

After the virus enters the body, the brain tissue swells. This swelling may destroy nerve cells, and cause bleeding in the brain and brain damage.

Other causes of encephalitis may include:

  • An allergic reaction to vaccinations
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Bacterial infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis
  • Parasites such as roundworms, cysticercosis, and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other people who have a weakened immune system
  • The effects of cancer
What are the symptoms of Encephalitis?

Some people may have symptoms of a cold or stomach infection before encephalitis symptoms begin.

When this infection is not very severe, the symptoms may be similar to those of other illnesses:

  • Fever that is not very high
  • Mild headache
  • Low energy and a poor appetite

Other symptoms include:

  • Clumsiness, unsteady gait
  • Confusion, disorientation
  • Drowsiness
  • Irritability or poor temper control
  • Light sensitivity
  • Stiff neck and back (sometimes)
  • Vomiting

Symptoms in newborns and younger infants may not be as easy to recognize:

  • Body stiffness
  • Irritability and crying more often (these symptoms may get worse when the baby is picked up)
  • Poor feeding
  • Soft spot on the top of the head may bulge out more
  • Vomiting

Emergency symptoms:

  • Loss of consciousness, poor responsiveness, stupor, coma
  • Muscle weakness or paralysis
  • Seizures
  • Severe headache
  • Sudden change in mental functions, such as flat mood, impaired judgment, memory loss, or a lack of interest in daily activities
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What are the current treatments for Encephalitis?

The goals of treatment are to provide supportive care (rest, nutrition, fluids) to help the body fight the infection, and to relieve symptoms.

Medicines may include:

  • Antiviral medicines, if a virus caused the infection
  • Antibiotics, if bacteria are the cause
  • Antiseizure medicines to prevent seizures
  • Steroids to reduce brain swelling
  • Sedatives for irritability or restlessness
  • Acetaminophen for fever and headache

If brain function is severely affected, physical therapy and speech therapy may be needed after the infection is controlled.

Who are the top Encephalitis Local Doctors?

Minneapolis Clinic Of Neurology Ltd

3833 Coon Rapids Blvd Nw, Suite 100, 
Coon Rapids, MN 
 9.2 mi
Accepting New Patients
Offers Telehealth

Moeen Masood is a Neurologist in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Dr. Masood and is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Encephalitis. His top areas of expertise are Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis, Rasmussen Encephalitis, Encephalitis, and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Dr. Masood is currently accepting new patients.

North Memorial Health Care

800 Freeport Ave Nw, Suite 100, 
Elk River, MN 
 8.5 mi
Accepting New Patients

Charles Horowitz is a Neurologist in Elk River, Minnesota. Dr. Horowitz and is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Encephalitis. His top areas of expertise are Opisthotonos, Muscle Spasms, Hemiplegia, and Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 3. Dr. Horowitz is currently accepting new patients.

 
 
 
 
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Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine

Mercy Hospital

4050 Coon Rapids Blvd, 
Coon Rapids, MN 
 8.9 mi

Dawn Anderson is an Internal Medicine provider in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Dr. Anderson has been practicing medicine for over 16 years and is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Encephalitis. Her top areas of expertise are Rasmussen Encephalitis, Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis, Encephalitis, Sleeve Gastrectomy, and Endoscopy.

What is the outlook (prognosis) for Encephalitis?

The outcome varies. Some cases are mild and short, and the person fully recovers. Other cases are severe, and permanent problems or death is possible.

The acute phase normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks. Fever and symptoms gradually or suddenly disappear. Some people may take several months to fully recover.

What are the possible complications of Encephalitis?

Permanent brain damage may occur in severe cases of encephalitis. It can affect:

  • Hearing
  • Memory
  • Muscle control
  • Sensation
  • Speech
  • Vision
When should I contact a medical professional for Encephalitis?

Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number if you have:

  • Sudden fever
  • Other symptoms of encephalitis
How do I prevent Encephalitis?

Children and adults should avoid contact with anyone who has encephalitis.

Controlling mosquitoes (a mosquito bite can transmit some viruses) may reduce the chance of some infections that can lead to encephalitis.

  • Apply an insect repellant containing the chemical DEET when you go outside (but do not use DEET products on infants younger than 2 months).
  • Remove any sources of standing water (such as old tires, cans, gutters, and wading pools).
  • Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants when outside, especially at dusk.

Children and adults should get routine vaccinations for viruses that can cause encephalitis. People should receive specific vaccines if they are traveling to places such as parts of Asia, where Japanese encephalitis is found.

Vaccinate animals to prevent encephalitis caused by the rabies virus.

What are the latest Encephalitis Clinical Trials?
Procedural Motor Memory in Long COVID-19

Background: Most people who get COVID-19 seem to recover with no long-term effects. However, some people who recover from acute COVID-19 infections report lingering symptoms. This is called long COVID. Many people with long COVID report symptoms related to the nervous system; these can include problems with fatigue, speech, and memory.

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An Early Feasibility Study for the Development of a Model to Non-Invasively Estimate Intracranial Pressure (ICP) and New Metrics of Cerebral Autoregulation (CAR) Using the CoMind One EFS Device

Summary: The purpose of this research, which has been determined as non-significant risk by the central IRB overseeing the study, is to obtain information to help further develop a machine (a medical device) to measure the pressure around the brain from the outside (this pressure is called intracranial pressure or ICP). Monitoring and managing ICP is an important part of care for patients with conditions s...

Who are the sources who wrote this article ?

Published Date: July 16, 2024
Published By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

What are the references for this article ?

Beckham JD, Tyler KL. Encephalitis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 89.

Bronstein DE, Glaser CA. Encephalitis and meningoencephalitis. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, eds. Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 36.