• At least 18 years old;

• Be willing and able to provide informed consent to participate in the study;

• Patients with heart valve disease diagnosed by echocardiography who meet one of the following criteria:

‣ Grade II or higher Aortic valve regurgitation: regurgitant jet width \>3 mm, jet width / LVOT diameter ≥25%, jet cross-sectional area/LVOT cross-sectional area ≥5%, effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) ≥0.1 cm², regurgitant volume per beat (R Vol)≥30 ml, or regurgitant fraction (RF) ≥30%.

⁃ Moderate or higher aortic valve stenosis: peak velocity ≥3.0 m/s, Mean gradient ≥20 mm Hg, aortic valve area ≤1.5 cm², Indexed aortic valve area ≤0.85 cm²/m², or velocity ratio ≤0.50.

⁃ Grade II or higher mitral valve regurgitation: regurgitant jet width ≥3 mm, regurgitant volume per beat ≥30 ml, regurgitant jet area/left atrial area \>30%, or effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) ≥0.2 cm².

⁃ Moderate or higher valve stenosis: valve area (specific finding) ≤1.5 cm², or mean gradient (supportive finding) ≥10.0 mmHg.

⁃ Grade II or higher tricuspid valve regurgitation: regurgitant jet width ≥3 mm, proximal isovelocity surface area ≥6 mm, effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) ≥0.2 cm², or regurgitant volume per beat ≥30 ml.

⁃ Significant tricuspid valve stenosis: mean pressure gradient ≥5.0 mmHg, inflow time-velocity integral \>60 cm, T1/2 ≥190 ms, or valve area ≤1.0 cm².

⁃ Grade II or higher pulmonary valve regurgitation: regurgitant jet width \>3 mm, regurgitant volume per beat ≥30 ml, regurgitant fraction ≥30%, or effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) ≥0.1 cm².

⁃ Moderate or higher Pulmonary valve stenosis: pulmonary valve transvalvular pressure gradient ≥40 mmHg, right ventricular systolic pressure ≥60 mmHg, or pulmonary valve opening \<1.5 cm².