Osteoarthritis in the base of the thumb is one of the most common forms of hand arthritis. It usually appears in middle age, particularly in women, and can cause significant pain and loss of function. Early treatment often includes splints, painkillers, joint protection techniques, or steroid injections. If these measures are not enough, surgery is considered. The current standard operation in Sweden is trapeziectomy-removing the trapezium. This usually gives good pain relief at rest, but many patients continue to experience pain when loading the hand and reduced grip strength. Another surgical option is trapeziometacarpal limited excision (TLE), where only part of the bone is removed to keep the thumb slightly longer, which may improve strength. Both procedures are non-implant surgeries. A newer alternative is total joint arthroplasty (TJA), where the joint is replaced with a prosthesis. Early studies suggest that this may allow for quicker recovery and possibly better strength compared to trapeziectomy. However, it is more expensive and carries higher risks, such as implant loosening or dislocation. So far, research has not proven that it offers better long-term results. The TRACE study (A single arm trial of Thumb base Replacement Arthroplasty for osteoarthritis Compared to External controls) is designed to help answer this question. Instead of randomizing patients, this study will follow a group of people receiving thumb joint replacement and compare them to an existing group of patients who already took part in a randomized trial of trapeziectomy and TLE. This design allows the researchers to study results more quickly and with fewer resources, while still ensuring meaningful comparisons. The main research question of this study is whether joint replacement gives better pain relief when loading the thumb 10 years after surgery compared to traditional non-implant operations in patients with painful thumb base osteoarthritis. Secondary questions include whether joint replacement improves patient-reported outcomes, hand function, and strength, and whether it leads to more or fewer complications at 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery. 90 patients will be included in the replacement group, using a dual mobility prosthesis. Their outcomes will be compared with 90 patients from the earlier trial (45 trapeziectomy and 45 limited trapeziometacarpal joint resection - TLE). The study will track pain, daily hand function, strength, range of motion, and complications such as infection or the need for further surgery. Data will be collected regularly for up to 10 years.