Sensory-specific Peripheral Stimulation for Tremor Management
The purpose of this study is to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) in modulating supraspinal tremorogenic input to motoneurons. For this purpose, the investigators will use transcutaneous PES, high-density electromyography (HD-EMG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuromusculoskeletal modelling. This study will be carried out in both healthy participants and patients with essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
• Age from 18 to 80 years
• No history of a brain and/or skull lesion
• Normal hearing and (corrected) vision
• Able to understand and give informed consent
• No neurological disorders, no tremor
• Absence of pathology that could cause abnormal movements of extremities (e.g., epilepsy, stroke, marked arthritis)
• Able to understand and speak English
• Age from 18 to 80 years
• No prior history of skull lesions or craniotomy
• Normal hearing and (corrected) vision
• Able to understand and give informed consent
• Diagnosis of ET (Tremor Research investigation Group criteria) or diagnosis of PD (UK PD Society Brain bank diagnostic criteria) by a physician
• Tremor in at least an upper limb with pure flexion-extension wrist tremor with posture (ET) and rest (PD).
• Tremor at least moderate-severe by clinician judgment and tremor scales (Fahn Tolosa Marin Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS), Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS))
• Absence of pathology that could cause abnormal movements of extremities (e.g., epilepsy, stroke, marked arthritis, moderate to severe dyskinesias in PD)
• Stable medication doses for at least 30 days prior to study enrollment
• Able to understand and speak English