• Arm A Only: Participants must have histologically confirmed World Health Organization (WHO) grade III-IV newly diagnosed IDH1/2-mutant glioma.

• Arm B Only: WHO grades I-IV recurrent IDH1/2 mutant glioma. Participants in Arm B must have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirming progressive disease; re-biopsy is encouraged, but not required at the time of recurrence for confirmation.

• Participants with a primary spinal tumor, secondary glioma, or multifocal disease in the brain, but without evidence of diffuse leptomeningeal spread, are eligible. In cases where there are questions about multifocality versus diffuse leptomeningeal spread, the study chair or co-chair must be contacted to make a final decision on eligibility.

• Participants must have IDH1 or IDH2 mutation associated with neomorphic activity of the encoded proteins.

• Participants must be willing to provide archival formalin-fixed embedded (FFPE) and frozen tissue specimens for biomarker studies if available.

• Participants in Arm A must have been treated with maximal safe resection of primary tumor followed by adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). Treatment with TMZ during radiation is allowed but not required.

• Participants in Arm B must have been treated with maximal safe resection of tumor.

‣ Lower grade glioma (LGG) participants who progressed after initial surgery alone are eligible. Any number of prior therapies are allowed.

⁃ High grade glioma (HGG) participants enrolled on Arm B must have been treated with a minimum of maximal safe resection of primary tumor followed by adjuvant RT prior to recurrence. Any number of prior therapies are allowed.

• Participants must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy prior to entering this study.

• Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: participants must have received their last dose of known myelosuppressive anticancer chemotherapy at least three weeks prior to study registration or at least six weeks if nitrosourea.

• Biologic agent: participants must have recovered from any toxicity related to biologic agents and received their last dose \>= 7 days prior to study registration.

‣ For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur. The duration of this interval should be discussed with the study chair.

⁃ For biologic agents that have a prolonged half-life, the appropriate interval since last treatment should be discussed with the study chair prior to registration.

• Monoclonal antibody treatment: at least three half-lives must have elapsed prior to registration, and participants on bevacizumab must have received their last dose \>= 32 days prior to study registration.

• Participants in Arm A should begin therapy with TMZ and BGB-290 after completion of radiation therapy and when all other eligibility criteria are met.

• For participants in Arm B, patients must not have received radiation therapy within 4 weeks prior to the initiation of study treatment. Post-RT, the diagnosis of true progression versus pseudo-progression can be challenging when imaging modalities are exclusively used, and thus an additional resection is encouraged if clinically indicated.

• Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \>= 1000/mm\^3.

• Platelet count \>= 100,000/mm\^3 (transfusion independent, defined as not receiving platelet transfusions for at least 7 days prior to enrollment).

• Hemoglobin \>= 9 g/dL.

• Serum creatinine =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or estimated creatinine clearance \>= 50 mL/min (calculated using the institutional standard method).

• Total serum bilirubin (sum of conjugated + unconjugated) =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN).

• Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) =\< 3 x ULN.

• Serum albumin \>= 2 g/dL.

• Participants with seizure disorder may be enrolled if on non-enzyme inducing anticonvulsants and well controlled.

• Participants who have neurological deficits should have deficits that are stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to registration.

• Corticosteroids: Participants who are receiving dexamethasone must be on a stable or decreasing dose for at least 1 week prior to registration.

• The effects of BGB-290 on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason and because alkylating agents (such as TMZ) are known to be teratogenic, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation and 4 months after completion of BGB-290 or TMZ administration. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately.

• Participants must be able to swallow capsules.

• Participants must have the ability to undergo serial MRI scans (computerized tomography \[CT\] cannot substitute for MRI).

• A legal parent/guardian or patient must be able to understand, and willing to sign, a written informed consent and assent document, as appropriate.

• Karnofsky \>= 50 for participants \> 16 years of age and Lansky \>= 50 for participants =\< 16 years of age. Participants who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score.